Chemical and mineralogical composition

A thorough understanding of the chemical and mineralogical composition of CCPs is necessary for proper management of these materials. This chapter will cover (1) the composition of coal (2) the formation of CCPs (3) the physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics of CCPs (4) characterization of North American fly ashes (5) hydrated minerals in fly ash/ water pastes (6) sulphur scrubbing products and (7) environmental impact of CCPs. 

ToRPAN, B. K. 1954. Chemical and Mineralogical Composition of Seams and Interbeds Seams of Kukersite. Tallinn Technical University, Tallinn, Series A, N 57, 22-31 (in Russian). 

Spectroscopic measurement is a particularly favored analytical technique because spectra can be compared in a direct way to interpret the chemical and mineralogical composition of dust in various astronomical environments. Depending upon the different spectral regions under analysis and depending on the optical properties of the material, one must use different techniques. In regions of strong absorption, such as in the phonon band range (mid-infrared) or the ultraviolet, direct absorption measurements require very low column densities of material, which can only be achieved with thin films or diluted powder samples. 

Martinelli, L. A., R. L. Viaoiia, J. L. Dematte, J. E. Richey, and A. H. Devol. 1993. "Chemical and mineralogical composition of Amazon River floodplain sediments, Bra. " Applied Geochemistry, Oxford 8 391-402. 

How well do martian meteorites constrain the chemical and mineralogical composition and evolution of their mantle source regions ... 

The properties of ceramic materials are influenced not only by their chemical and mineralogical compositions, but also critically by their manufacture-dependent microstructure. Under the terms microstructure or structure is meant the spatial distribution of the individual phases as well as the shape, size and orientation of the particles, pores and glassy phases. 

The properties of ceramic products are determined by their chemical and mineralogical composition and by their microstructure... 

The effects of the mineral matter depend on the chemical and mineralogical composition. Many standard analytical techniques are available to quantify the elements present in the mineral species. These include silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, titanium and others. The elements are usually reported as oxides, because the oxide anion is the predominant one in fly ash. However, the mineral species are not usually simple oxides, but very frequently are tied up in the different mineral forms as more complex aluminosilicates or other species as indicated above. A variety of techniques is used to identify the mineral matter. 

Foner, H.A., Ganor, E., 1992. The chemical and mineralogical composition of some urban atmospheric aerosols in Israel. Atmosph. Environ., 26B, 125-133. 

Figure 4.1. General classes of adsorption isotherms. 5 turve, data courtesy of C. S. LeVesque L curve, data from I.C.R. Holford et al. H curve, data from J. Garda-Mirayagaya and A. L. Page, Sorption of trace quantities of cadmium by soils with different chemical and mineralogical composition Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 9 289 (1978) C curve, data from B. Yaron and S. Saltzntan, Influence of water and temperature on adsorption of parathion by soils Soil Sci. Soc. Am, J, 36 583 (1972).

Nuclear logging using gamma radiation, to measure the bulk density, and neutron radiation, to measure water content, are techniques used both at sea and ashore. Preiss (1968) and Richards and Chaney (1997) describe how these techniques may be used for marine sediments both on core samples and in situ. These in-situ methods are particularly apph-cable to near-surface sediments which can be extremely porous and tend to suffer the greatest amount of disturbance when sampled. It is difficult using these techniques to obtain accuracies better than 1%, due to the problems of cahbrating the instruments with specimens of different chemical and mineralogical compositions. 

The properties of a soil are a function of both its texture and structure, and the chemical and mineralogical composition of its particles. Some of these properties are its capacity to adsorb water, its plasticity and cohesion, and its changes in mechanical behavior due to variations in environmental conditions and time, such as its compressibility, permeability, strength, and stress transmission. The sediments together with fossils can also provide data needed for the reconstruction of the geological processes that have formed the soil. 

The properties of meteorites collected in Antarctica that have been measured include their chemical and mineralogical compositions as well as their textures, isotopic ages, and cosmic-ray exposure histories. The scientific value of the accumulated data is exemplified in this chapter by selected specimens of Antarctic meteorites such as the Derrick Peak iron, by the first lunar meteorite recovered on the icefields of fhe Allan Hills (ALHA 81005), and by the martian rock ALH 84001. The interpretation of data derived from these and other meteorites collected in Antarctica contribute to the on-going exploration of the solar system. 

This chapter focuses on the enviromnental and human health issues related to coal production (mining) and coal utilization. Emphasis is placed on those issues that are related to the petrographic, chemical, and mineralogical composition of coal. 

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