Chemical analysis deductions

The Atwater procedure, in brief, was to adjust the heats of combustion (gross calories) of the fat, protein, and carbohydrate in a food to allow for the losses in digestion and metabolism found for human subjects, and to apply the adjusted caloric factors to the amounts of protein, fat, and carbohydrate in the food. The contents of protein and fat were determined by chemical analysis, and the percentage of carbohydrate was obtained by difference that is, it was taken as the remainder after the sum of the fat, protein, ash, and moisture had been deducted from 100. This so-called total carbohydrate, therefore, included fiber (an all-inclusive term for carbohydrates that are not digested by people) as well as any noncarbohydrate residue present... 

To give a thorough, rational review of the field of chemical micro-process technology itself, one ideally would like to follow a deductive analysis route, pursuing a bottom-up approach. First, one may provide a definition of micro reactors, then search for the impacts on the engineering of chemical processes, and try to propose routes for exploitation, i.e. applications. Alternatively, for a less comprehensive, but more in-depth description, one could use a top-dovm approach starting with a selected application and try to design an ideal micro reactor for this. 

Such ideal scenarios could not be followed in this book and are not practised in any other publications worldwide so far, since the developments and the theory in the field are not complete. Since mere deduction, therefore, could not be followed, the way of narration chosen gives a multi-faceted, hierarchic analysis of the field of chemical micro processing. 

Since koumine has been reductively cleaved by nascent hydrogen (sodium-EtOH) to afford a C20 primary alcohol (39), the above deduction based on spectroscopic analysis is supported chemically (Scheme 6). 

It should be understood from the above discussion that a chemical formula is no chance throwing together of chemical symbols, but represents the results of careful analysis, and the scrutiny and deduction of the most skillful workers in the held. On this score alone, chemical formulas demand the greatest respect in understanding and use. 

A rational deduction of elemental abundance from solar and stellar spectra had to be based on quantum theory, and the necessary foundation was laid with the Indian physicist Meghnad Saha s theory of 1920. Saha, who as part of his postdoctoral work had stayed with Nernst in Berlin, combined Bohr s quantum theory of atoms with statistical thermodynamics and chemical equilibrium theory. Making an analogy between the thermal dissociation of molecules and the ionization of atoms, he carried the van t Hoff-Nernst theory of reaction-isochores over from the laboratory to the stars. Although his work clearly belonged to astrophysics, and not chemistry, it relied heavily on theoretical methods introduced by and associated with physical chemistry. This influence from physical chemistry, and probably from his stay with Nernst, is clear from his 1920 paper where he described ionization as a sort of chemical reaction, in which we have to substitute ionization for chemical decomposition. [81] The influence was even more evident in a second paper of 1922 where he extended his analysis. [82]... 

The described approach for estimating the possible minimum capacities at the impingement mixing of two components, was deducted from theoretical considerations. These results were backed by tests and observations and analysis of a larger number of production and demonstration runs with different capacities and chemical systems. The method was found useful as a guideline for the prediction of the limits of low capacity impingement mixing for small part production, for the interpretation of test results, as well as for the evaluation and development of RIM processable chemical systems. 

At this point in the study chemical degradation was abandoned and an X-ray analysis begun. Both debenzoylalopecurine hydrobromide and alopecurine methobromide were examined. From these studies the structure and configuration shown in the formulas were assigned. It is noteworthy that the deductions made from the chemical and spectroscopic study were correct and are incorporated in the final structure. 

Having established the gross framework of the alkaloid, only the points of attatchment of the ethylamine bridge remained unsolved. Detailed analysis of previous work coupled with further deductive studies allowed Robinson to propose his ultimate structure, which explained and accounted for every prior and subsequent chemical investigation, including total synthesis. 

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