Charging three-step procedure

Three-Step Charge Procedure. A three-step procedure provides a means of rapidly charging a sealed nickel-metal hydride battery to full charge without excessive overcharge or exposure to high temperatures. 

The procedure utilized consisted of the evaluation of the differential stabilisation of the ground state and of the first excited state of the protonated retinylidene iminium ion through interactions with an external point charge located at different positions along the periphery of the cationic chromophore. Both the electrostatic and the polarisation effects were considered. The procedure involved three steps. 

Recently, an efficient three-step grafting-from procedure was developed to obtain well-controlled PS grafted magnetic y-Fe203 nanoparticles [33]. In the first step, after modification of the surface charge of the nanoparticles and then replacement of H2O by dimethylacetamide (DMAc), 3-aminopropryl... 

The concentration of any of these species depends on the total concentration of dissolved aluminum and on the pH, and this makes the system complex from the mathematical point of view and consequently, difficult to solve. To simplify the calculations, mass balances were applied only to a unique aluminum species (the total dissolved aluminum, TDA, instead of the several species considered) and to hydroxyl and protons. For each time step (of the differential equations-solving method), the different aluminum species and the resulting proton and hydroxyl concentration in each zone were recalculated using a pseudoequilibrium approach. To do this, the equilibrium equations (4.64)-(4.71), and the charge (4.72), the aluminum (4.73), and inorganic carbon (IC) balances (4.74) were considered in each zone (anodic, cathodic, and chemical), and a nonlinear iterative procedure (based on an optimization method) was applied to satisfy simultaneously all the equilibrium constants. In these equations (4.64)-(4.74), subindex z stands for the three zones in which the electrochemical reactor is divided (anodic, cathodic, and chemical). 

As before the main step consists of rewriting the (rf-like) charge distribution f) r) corresponding to Eq. (6.33) as a sum of three eontributions ef., Eq. (6.7), (6.10)1 which are then considered separately. This procedure is sketched in Appendix F.3.1. One finally obtains... 

The next step in the procedure is to consider the charge distribution due to the electrons outside closed shells as furnished by the square of the wave functions of these electrons (see section 2). An 5-electron always gives a spherical charge distribution (see fig. 55 (a)), as does also a closed shell. To a p-electron, on the other hand, there correspond three possible charge distributions, due to the circumstance, akeady mentioned in section 14, that a p-state reaUy must be regarded as three coincident states. The three wave functions associated with it according to wave mechanics may then be chosen in... 

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