Charge Polarization and Entrapment

H-O bond contraction. Coulomb repulsion, and dual-process polarization drive the supersolidity with multiple features. The molecular separation doo = d + dn grows and molecular size d shrinks simultaneously at the skins because of the molecular under-coordination [21]. The H-0 bond contraction follows the rule of BOLS correlation the doo expansion results from the Coulomb repulsion between electron pairs on adjacent oxygen atoms [21, 24]. The polarization of water molecules in the molecular clusters [25, 26], surface skins, or ultrathin films of water is related to the molecule volume expansion because of the molecular charge conservation. The undercoordination-induced polarization lowers the work function of the bound electrons [6]. 

In measurements using photoelectron emission, compatible amount of information from surface and the bulk contribute to the resultant spectral features [27] because of the limited depth of penetration. Therefore, low-density (supersolid) skin phase and the high-density bulk phase are compatible in spectral features. From DPT optimizations, the cham-or ring-like topologies could hardly form independently in liquid water [28]. 

From the current understanding, models of the monomial tetrahedral stracture, the mixed LDP (supersolid skin or defects) and HDP phase structure, and the two different kinds of H-bond are true provided with the proper specification of component localions with consideration of penetration depth in optical reflection measurements. The weightage of the two phases or the two kinds of H-bond could be computable if the penetration depth is limited to only a few molecular layers. 

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