Charge loss, particles

Electrostatic spraying is used in shops to coat conductive objects. It is very useful for odd-shaped objects such as wire fence, cables, and piping. An electrostatic potential of 60,000 volts on the object attracts oppositely-charged paint particles the spray can wrap around and coat the side of the object opposite to the spray gun. This technique produces very uniform finishes and has the least paint loss of the three methods. However, it is slow, requires expensive equipment, produces only thin coats, and is sensitive to wind currents. 

The extent of the irreversible charge losses due to film formation depends to a first approximation on the surface area of the lithiated carbon which is wetted by the electrolyte [36, 66, 120-124]. Electrode manufacturing parameters influencing the pore size distribution within the electrode [36, 121, 124, 125] and the coverage of the individual particles by a binder [124, 126] have an additional influence on the carbon electrode surface exposed to the electro-... 

There are important applications when charge-loss is either desired or is unavoidable. One example is that of a radioactive microparticle or a particle exposed to a radioactive gas. Davis et al. (1988) and Ward et al. (1989) showed... 

There are numerous applications to chemical engineering research currently under study in several laboratories in the United States and Europe, and the author hopes that this review will stimulate even more research. Microparticle chemical reaction studies are in their infancy, and there is much to be learned at the level of the single particle because internal diffusion can be eliminated as a rate-controlling process. Reactions at elevated temperatures are possible with the caveat that there is an upper limit above which charge-loss accelerates. 

Particle energy loss via Cerenkov radiation is only a negligible fraction of the total one and the number of Cerenkov photons emitted by a charged relativistic particle in water is roughly 300 per cm of track4. Simulations show that an underwater detector having an instrumented volume of about 1 km3 equipped with 5000 optical modules can achieve an affective area of 1 km2 and an angular resolution of 0.1° for E > 10 TeV muons [36],... 

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