Charge equilibrium scheme

The effective charge on the aryl oxygen in the ester is +0.7 relative to the unit change in charge in the standard equilibrium (Scheme 9). 

In Scheme 1 the state of the protein is indicated by (q,r), where q denotes the oxidized or reduced charge state of the redox site and r denotes the coordinates of the outer shell in equilibrium with the oxidized or reduced redox site. The energy of the reaction, AE, for the reduction (o r) and the oxidation (r o) reactions is broken down as... 

The scheme of the interaction mechanism (Equation 88) testifies to an electro-affinity of MeFe" ions. In addition, MeFe" ions have a lower negative charge, smaller size and higher mobility compared to MeF6X(n+1> ions. The above arguments lead to the assumption that the reduction to metal form of niobium or tantalum from melts, both by electrolysis [368] and by alkali metals, most probably occurs due to interaction with MeF6 ions. The kinetics of the reduction processes are defined by flowing equilibriums between hexa-and heptacoordinated complexes. 

Zollinger and coworkers (Nakazumi et al., 1983) therefore supposed that the diazonium ion and the crown ether are in a rapid equilibrium with two complexes as in Scheme 11-2. One of these is the charge-transfer complex (CT), whose stability is based on the interaction between the acceptor (ArNj) and donor components (Crown). The acceptor center of the diazonium ion is either the (3-nitrogen atom or the combined 7r-electron system of the aryl part and the diazonio group, while the donor centers are one or more of the ether oxygen atoms. The other partner in the equilibrium is the insertion complex (IC), as shown in structure 11.5. Scheme 11-2 is intended to leave the question open as to whether the CT and IC complexes are formed competitively or consecutively from the components. ... 

Most easily oxidized bis-sulfides can be transformed to S- S dications by concentrated sulfuric acid. According to the ESR data,52 dissolving 25 in sulfuric acid establishes equilibrium between the starting sulfide 25, dication 27 and radical cation 26.52 Oxidation of sulfide 29 to a dication 30 by sulfuric acid is facilitated by transannular interaction of the positively charged sulfur atom with the double bond (Scheme 9).53... 

Photoinduced copolymerization of donor-acceptor monomer pairs (Scheme 1) can be either self initiated by excitation of the charge transfer complex (charge transfer initiation) or by polymerization of the charge transfer complex/monomer equilibrium... 

Carbon atoms in organic molecules are most often neutral. Positively charged carbocations have attracted the interest of synthetic organic chemists, because of their use as intermediates in reactions leading to formation of carbon-carbon bonds. Our work on carbocations has focused on defining the stability of these species as intermediates of solvolysis reactions, through the determination of rate and equilibrium constants for these stepwise reactions (Scheme 1). This has led to the development of experimental methods to characterize these parameters for carbocations that are sufficiently stable to form in aqueous solution. 

This scheme assumes that aggregation is only occurring with the charged species. When this equilibrium is taken into consideration, the equations which describe the solubility in the two regions become ... 

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