Ceramics injectable bone substitutes

The limitations previously described suggest the need for various handling requirements to promote a reliable and safe clinical application. In fact, easy handling is of paramount importance for the commercial success of bone substitute materials. Thus, the current challenge to potentiate the clinical application of the ceramic-based SBS lies on the development of injectable bone substitutes (IBSs), in which a binder or gel is added to the granules. 

Table 9.2 Injectable bone substitutes based on granular ceramic-polymer conjugation...

Designing ceramics for injectable bone graft substitutes 29... 

Recently, efforts towards composites of hydrogels and bone substitutes have been intensified and several products have been launched (Table 2.3). These efforts are expressed by a rapid increase in the number of publications. For example, a search in Scopus (www.scopus.com) using the two keywords Injectable and Ceramic (in all fields ) shows that almost 350 pubUcations were published in 2009 (Fig. 2.1). 

Difficulties with the clinical applicability of preformed ceramic blocks and granules have led to the development of injectable ceramic bone graft substitutes. In the early eighties, Brown and Chow were... 

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