Glass ceramics, processing

J. D. Mackenzie, in L. L. Hench and D. R. Ulrich, eds.. Ultrastructure Processing of Ceramics, Glasses and Composites,]ohxi Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1984. 

Because of their unique combination of physical and chemical properties, manufactured carbons and graphites are widely used in several forms in high temperature processing of metals, ceramics, glass, and fused quartz. A variety of commercial grades is available with properties tailored to best meet the needs of particular appHcations (45). Industrial carbons and graphites are available in a broad range of shapes and sizes. 

Hench LL, Ulrich DR (eds) (1984) Ultrastructure processing of ceramics, glasses and composites, Wiley-Interscience, New York... 

West, R. In Ultrastructure Processing of Ceramics. Glasses, and Composites Hench, L. and Ulrich, D. C., Eds. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York, 1984. 

Third International Conference on Ultrastructure Processing of Ceramics, Glasses and Composites, San Diego, 1987, Publisher ... 

With the advent of the sol-gel process for making ceramic glasses, the eighties saw a large increase in the study of the hydrolysis of alkoxysilanes. Most of these studies deal with the hydrolysis of TEOS [21, 22]. Blum and Ryan [25] studied the acid catalyzed hydrolysis of TEOS by following the formation of ethanol by gas chromatography. They were chiefly concerned about the effect different quantities of water had upon the reaction. They found that when they increased the water four-fold, the reaction still took the same amount of time to complete. 

Shape-memory materials are those materials that return to a specific shape after being exposed to specific temperatures. In other words, these materials are able to remember their initial shape. This process of changing the shape of the material can be repeated several times. The shape-memory effect has been observed in different materials, such as metallic alloys, ceramics, glasses, polymers and gels. 

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