Cellulose-based bioplastics

Biopolymer is nof s5monymous wifh biodegradable [43]. The first biobased polymers were cellulose-based bioplastics such as cellulose acetate (CA), cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), and cellulose acetate propionate (CAP) produced by the esterification of cellulose and in use for the last 100 years. Biopolymers are used for a plethora of applications ranging from salad dressing to medical devices. The following are a number of newer biopolymeric compounds that have commercial potential ... 

Mohanty, A.K., Wibowo, A., Misra, M., Drzal, L.T. Development of renewable resource-based cellulose acetate bioplastic Effect of process engineering on the performance of cellulosic plastics. Polym. Eng. Sci. 43, 1151-1161 (2003)... 

Bioplastics can be made by fermentating corn sugar (propaneidol-based Cerenol by DuPont), starch and cellulose can be used to make nylon (Michigan State University), or propaneidol can be used to produce stain-resistant textiles (DuPont). 

F. S., Ultrasound characterization of coronary artery wall in vitro using temperature-dependent wave speed, IEEE Trans Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Ereq. Control 50,1474-1485, 2003 Bhardwaj, R Mohanty, A.K., Drzal, L.T. et al.. Renewable resource-based composites from recycled cellulose liber and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) bioplastic. Biomacromolecules 7, 2044-2051, 2006. 

The next two sections of this review chapter will introduce the reader to the world of lactic acid. The acid is both a key platform chemical of the biorefinery concept, from which other interesting molecules may be formed (Sect. 2), and a monomer for commercial bioplastic polylactic acid (PLA) (Sect. 3). In the platform approach, the assessment from Chap. 1 in this volume [23] proves its value, as it is an equally useful tool to seek out the most desired routes for transforming a biomass-derived platform molecule as it is to select the most relevant carbohydrate-based chemicals from a chemist s point of view. In what follows, the desired catalytic cascade from cellulose to lactic acid will be described (Sect. 4) as well as the specific catalytic data reported for different feedstock (Sects. 5 and 6). Section 7 will introduce the reader to recent synthesis routes for other useful AHA compounds such as furyl and vinyl glycolic acid, as well as others shown in Fig. 1. Before concluding this chapter, Sect. 8 will provide a note on the stereochemistry of the chemically produced AHAs. 

The main natural biomaterials for bioplastics are proteins, cellulose derivatives, alginates, pectins, starch and other polysaccharides. The solubility in water of the polysaccharide film is advantageous in situations where the film is consumed with the product, resulting in little change in the food s sensory properties. " Edible films based on proteins, polysaccharides or lipids minimize special care with the final package and increase food quality. ... 

Bhardwaj, R., Mohanty, A. K., Drzal, L. T., Pourboghrat, F., and Misra, M. (2006). Renewable Resource-based Green Composites Horn Recycled Cellulose Fiber and Poly(3-hydroxy-butyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Bioplastic. Biomacromolecules 7, 2044-2051. 

Bhardwaj R, Mohanty A, Drzal LT, Pourboghrat F, Misra M. Renewable resource-based green composites from recycled cellulose fiber and poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvaler-ate) bioplastic. Biomacromolecules 2006 7 2044-51. 

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