Cell voltage components batteries

A passive hybrid system offers low complexity and higher efficiency compared to an active hybrid but requires precise voltage matching between the fuel cell and the battery, which can be disrupted as the result of aging process concerning either of the hybrid components. Another drawback of the passive hybrid system is the fact that the maximum power output depends on the state-of-charge of the battery, which also can be affected by the aging process. 

Table 1.1 Thermodynamic data, electrodes, electrolyte, cell reaction, equilibrium cell voltage, and specific energy of some customary primary-and secondary-battery systems. The theoretical specific energy, listed in Column 8 results from division of AG by the weight of the reacting components. The difference between these values and those observed in practice (Column 9) is caused by kinetic parameters.

A low-cost nickel-hydrogen system proposed by Eagle Picher is based on the multiple cell per single battery pressure vessel concept. Additional system cost reduction is proposed through use of standardized components, ease of manufacture and an inherent design versatility able to meet various voltage and capacity requirements with only minor modifications. 

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