Cell penetrating peptides and

Fig. 13 Left. ELP carrier N-terminally fused to a cell-penetrating peptide and C-terminally fused to a therapeutic peptide. Right Amino acid sequences for several cell-penetrating peptides (see text for details). Reprinted from [83] with permission from Elsevier, cop)mght 2010...

Figure 2 Proposed pathways for liposomal entry into the cell enhanced by peptides. These include direct cell entry suggested as the mechanism of entry by cell-penetrating peptides and receptor-mediated endocytosis by caveolae- and clathrin-dependent endocytosis.

Magzoub, M., L.E.G. Eriksson, and A. Graslund (2003) Comparison of the interaction, positioning, structure induction and membrane perturbation of cell-penetrating peptides and non-translocating variants with phospholipid vesicles. Biophys. Chem. 103, 271-288. 

A number of ideas have been proposed to explain the mechanism by which cell-penetrating peptides and other nonclassical delivery vehicles induce transport across lipid bilayers. Some common properties among the vectors are apparent, suggesting that the exact mechanism of entry may become evident in the near future. In this section, these common properties of the vectors are described and the major mechanistic explanations that have been proposed are outlined. It should be emphasized, however, that at this time no general consensus on an exact mechanism has been reached. 

Wagstaff K M, Jans D A (2006). Protein transduction cell penetrating peptides and their therapeutic applications. Curr. Med. Chem. 13 1371-1387. 

Jiang T, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Lv H, Zhou J, Li C et al. Dual-functional liposomes based on pH-responsive cell-penetrating peptide and hyaluronic acid for tumor-targeted anticancer drug delivery. Biomaterials. 2012 33(36) 9246-9258. 

A peptide has also been conjugated on the surface of amino-modified TEOS nanoparticles. TAT peptide [48-56], an amino acid residue of the HIV-coded TAT regulatory protein, is a cell-penetrating peptide and was conjugated with amino-... 

Chugh, A., Amundsen, E., Eudes, E, 2009. Translocation of cell-penetrating peptides and delivery of their cargoes in triticale microspores. Plant Cell Rep. 28 (5), 801-810. 

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