Catalytic Reactions of Carbons

As an example, consider an early calculation of isotope effects on enzyme kinetics by Hwang and Warshel [31]. This study examines isotope effects on the catalytic reaction of carbonic anhydrase. The expected rate-limiting step is a proton transfer reaction from a zinc-bound water molecule to a neighboring water. The TST expression for the rate constant k is... 

Wan, J.K.S., Bamwenda G. and Depew, M.C., Microwave induced catalytic reactions of carbon dioxide and water mimicry of photosynthesis, Res. Chem. Intermed., 1991,16, 241. 

The calculated [using a quantized classical path (QCP) approach] and observed isotope effects and rate constants are in good agreement for the proton-transfer step in the catalytic reaction of carbonic anhydrase. This approach takes account of the role of quantum mechanical nuclear motions in enzyme reactions.208... 

Krylov, O.V. and Kh Mamedov, A. (1995) Heterogeneous catalytic reactions of carbon dioxide. Russ. 

Methanol is produced by the catalytic reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen (or synthesis gas) in a converter according to the reaction ... 

Today, most methanol is synthesized by a catalytic reaction of carbon monoxide with hydrogen. This reaction uses high temperatures and pressures and requires large, complicated industrial reactors. 

One of the best known catalytic reactions of carbon, the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, appears to be very dependent upon the nature of the surface complexes present. Decomposition is inhibited by the presence of acidic surface complexes and accelerated by bases. As a result, the decomposition has been suggested to proceed through the dissociation of the weak acid, ... 

Catalytic reactions of carbon dioxide need not necessarily involve coordination complexes of C02, this seems to be required only for reactions with C-O bond breaking. In other processes (e.g., C-C coupling), the role of the catalyst metal complex may be the activation of the reaction partner (e.g., olefins, alkynes), which then can react with C02 directly.33... 

Studies on Some High-Pressure Catalytic Reactions of Carbon Monoxide... 

HIGH-PEESSURE CATALYTIC REACTIONS OF CARBON MONOXIDE 619... 

Pd2Cu2Cl6(Ph2PCH2PPh2)3]. Three general reviews of catalytic reactions of carbon dioxide " " and one review on its reactions with hydrogen " are available. 

F. R. Keene, in Electrochemical and Electro-catalytic Reactions of Carbon Dioxide, (Eds. ... 

Glavachek, V., Marek, M., Korzhinkova, M. (1%8). Kinetics of the catalytic reaction of carbon monoxide with water vapor. Kinetika i Kataliz, 9, 1107—1110. 

In the absence of hydrogen, a catalytic reaction of carbon monoxide and an alcohol produces alkyl formate (Eq. 7.7). The catalyst involved is an alkali metal alkoxide alone or together with a transition metal carbonyl cluster, e.g. Ru3(CO)i2. ° ... 

Walther D (1987) Homogeneous catalytic reactions of carbon dioxide with unsaturated substrates, reversible C02-carriers, and transcarboxylation reactions. Coord Chem Rev 79 135-174... 

The use of carbon dioxide in the synthesis of functional molecules is of considerable interest. An example is the industrially important reaction of epoxides with carbon dioxide to give cyclic carbonates. Also, functionalization of acetylenes and dienes with carbon dioxide on transition metal catalysts gives rise to the formation of cyclic lactones or dicarboxylic acids. The activation of carbon dioxide by metal complexes was reviewed in 1983 . Reactions of carbon dioxide with carbon-carbon bond formation catalyzed by transition metal complexes was reviewed in 1988 ", heterogenous catalytic reactions of carbon dioxide were reviewed in 1995, and the use of carbon dioxide as comonomers for functional polymers was reviewed in 2005. ... 

Transition metal acyl complexes are implicated in many catalytic reactions of carbon monoxide. Alkylation of a coordinated carbonyl group initially results in the formation of an acyl ligand, which then may rearrange,72 Scheme 11.22 ... 

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