Surface Chemistry and Catalysis

Finally, although both temperature-programmed desorption and reaction are indispensable techniques in catalysis and surface chemistry, they do have limitations. First, TPD experiments are not performed at equilibrium, since the temperature increases constantly. Secondly, the kinetic parameters change during TPD, due to changes in both temperature and coverage. Thirdly, temperature-dependent surface processes such as diffusion or surface reconstruction may accompany desorption and exert an influence. Hence, the technique should be used judiciously and the derived kinetic data should be treated with care ... 

Miroslaw DEREWINSKI Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Krakow... 

Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland... 

The application of IR spectroscopy to catalysis and surface chemistry was later developed in the fifties by Eischens and coworkers at Texaco laboratories (Beacon, New York) in the USA [7] and, almost simultaneously, by Sheppard and Yates at Cambridge University in the UK [8]. Mapes and Eischens published the spectra of ammonia chemisorbed on a silica-alumina cracking catalyst in 1954 [6], showing the presence of Lewis acid sites and also the likely presence of Br0nsted acid sites. Eischens, Francis and Pliskin published the IR spectra of carbon monoxide adsorbed on nickel and its oxide in 1956 [9]. Later they presented the results of an IR study of the catalyzed oxidation of CO on nickel at the First International Congress on Catalysis, held in Philadelphia in 1956 [10]. Eischens and Pliskin also published a quite extensive review on the subject of Infrared spectra of adsorbed molecules in Advances in Catalysis in 1958, where data on hydrocarbons, CO, ammonia and water adsorbed on metals, oxides and minerals were reviewed [11]. These papers evidence clearly the two tendencies observed in subsequent spectroscopic research in the field of catalysis. They are the use of probes to test the surface chemistry of solids and the use of spectroscopy to reveal the mechanism of the surface reactions. They used an in situ cell where the catalyst sample was... 

Coadsorption phenomena in heterogeneous catalysis and surface chemistry quite commonly consider competitive effects between two reactants on a metal surface [240,344]. Also cooperative mutual interaction in the adsorption behavior of two molecules has been reported [240]. Recently, this latter phenomenon was found to be very pronounced on small gas-phase metal cluster ions too [351-354]. This is mainly due to the fact that the metal cluster reactivity is often strongly charge state dependent and that an adsorbed molecule can effectively influence the metal cluster electronic structure by, e.g., charge transfer effects. This changed electronic complex structure in turn might foster (or also inhibit) adsorption and reaction of further reactant molecules that would otherwise not be possible. An example of cooperative adsorption effects on small free silver cluster ions identified in an ion trap experiment will be presented in the following. 

The many books on the subject of metal clusters and on various aspects of their chemistry and applications to synthesis, catalysis, and surface chemistry are listed in Section 6.2. Collected contributions to conferences are mentioned in Section 6.3 and annual surveys of aspects of transition metal chemistry, which contain more-or-less work on cluster chemistry, in Section 6.4. 

Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-239 Cracow, Niezapominajek Str. 8, Poland, e-mail ncderewi cyf-kr.edu.pl on leave from National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India... 

Group far Tlworetical Problems ofAdsorption, Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, PolishAcademyafSciemxs, ul. Niezapominqfek8, 30-239Krakow, POLAND... 

Highly reactive transition metal powders have been prepared in the absence of stabilizing ligands. The ability to prepare these metals with simple apparatus is of great importance not only to synthetic organic, organometallic, and inorganic chemistry but also to catalysis and surface chemistry. 

Since the 1980s, the fields of organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, organometallic chemistry, polymer chemistry, catalysis, and surface chemistry have all contributed substantially to advance the field of metallocene-mediated olefin polymerization. The development of metallocenes and the investigation of their polymerization behavior have consumed a vast amount of time and effort in the past three... 

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