Cascade nomenclature

Replacement nomenclature emphasizes the length of the repeat unit but masks the functionality (i.e., amide) in these units. Alternatively, a repeat unit name (such as, (propanamido)methylidyne), which indicates the functionality but obscures the chain length, may be preferred. The style chosen for the internal (or core or terminal) unit name(s) does not affect the general form of the proposed cascade nomenclature. Thus, the cascade in Figure 3.5 is 36-Cascade tricyclo[3.3.l.l3,7]decane[4-l,3,5,7] (3-oxo-2-aza-propylidyne) (3-oxo-2-azapentylidyne) propanoic acid. 

Figure 21.9 The mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade (MAP kinase cascade). The active protein Ras activates Raf by promoting its recruitment to a cell membrane. Through a series of phosphorylations MAP kinase is activated as follows MAP kinase kinase kinase (Raf) phosphorylates MAP kinase kinase which, in turn, phosphorylates MAP kinase, the final target enzyme. MAP kinase phosphorylates transcription factors for genes that express proteins involved in proliferation. Another nomenclature for the enzymes is also used raf is MEKK MAPKK is MEK and finally ERK is MAP kinase (ERK is the abbreviation for extracellular-signal-related kinase) For comparison, the reader is referred to the metabolic phosphorylase cascade, which is discussed in Chapter 12 (Figure 12.12).

Transitions are still designated according to Siegbahn nomenclature. Hence, for iron, the symbol FeK/32 specifies the location of the gap (K shell), the distance that separates the two energy levels (initial and final states of the electron a for 1, 3 for 2) and the relative intensity of the transition within the series (1 is more intense than 2). Kft transitions are approximately six times less intense than the corresponding Ka transitions. Cascade electronic rearrangements are often observed for heavy elements (light elements cannot have L or M transitions). For example, carbon only yields a Ka line at 4.47 nm (227 eV). H or He elements do not have X-ray fluorescence. 

Figure 13.16. Flow patterns and nomenclature of a single equilibrium stage and a cascade of them (after Henley and Seader, 1981). (a) A single equilibrium stage, (b) An assembly of N stages.

Fig. 1.21 POPAM dendrimer according to the Newkome nomenclature 16-Cascade l, 4-diaminobu tane[4-N, N,N, N ] [ -azabutylide-ne)2 aminopropane [45]...

The combination of core and terminal unit names resembles conjunctive nomenclature. The multiplicity of branching (cascading) from the core unit is indicated by a bracketed numeral immediately following the name of the core unit if locants are necessary, they are also enclosed within the brackets, following and separated by a hyphen from the multiplicity numeral. 

Application of the nomenclature scheme to the second generation cascade, shown in Figure 3.3I14] affords the name 36-Cascade methane[4] (3-oxo-6-oxa-2-azaheptyli-dyne)2 4-oxapentanoic acid. 

The cascade name for Figure 3.5 is derived by the process described above, except that the attachments to the adamantane core (i. e., 1,3,5,7) must be noted after the core multiplicity. The repeat units are readily named via replacement nomenclature, thus ... 

A Systematic Nomenclature for Cascade Dendritic Polymers [G. R. Baker, J. K. Young, Chapt. 5, pp. 169-186]. 

At this point, a new descriptor for nomenclature (comparable to the postulation of cylindrical and spherical names) is introduced namely, consider a cascade of more than one aleph subscripted symbols, such as ... 

CONTENTS Introduction to the Series An Editor s Foreword, Albert Padwa, Emory University. Preface, George R. Newkome, University of South Florida. A Review of Dendritic Macromolecules, George R. Newkome and Charles N. Moorefield, University of South Florida. Stiff Dendritic Macromolecules Based on Phenylacetylenes, Zhifu Xu, Benjamin Kyan, and Jeffery S. Moore, The University of Michigan. Preparation and Properties of Monodisperse Aromatic Dendritic Macromolecules, Thomas X. Neenan, Timothy M. Miller, Elizabeth W. Kwock, and Harvey E. Bair, AT T Bell Laboratories. High-Spin Polyarylmethyl Polyradicals, Andrzej Rajca, University of Nebraska. A Systematic Nomenclature for Cascade (Dendritic) Polymers, Gregory R. Baker and James K. Young, University of South Florida. Index. 

Figure 4.8 Nomenclature for cascade of solvent extraction stages.

For more efficient fractional extraction of two or more extractable components, the extracting-scrubbing cascade of Fig. 4.4 is employed. Nomenclature for flow rates, concentration, and stage number is shown in Fig. 4.14. With the same assumptions and approach as in Sec. 6.1, a material balance for any one of the components in the portion of the cascade below stage n in the extracting section is... 

Figure 4.14 Nomenclature for cascade of extracting-scrubbing stages.

It is assumed that the solute-free solid is insoluble in the solvent and that the flow rate of this solid is constant throughout the cascade. The solid is porous and carries with it an amount of solution that may or may not be constant. Let L refer to the flow of this retained liquid and V to the flow of the overflow solution. The flows V and L may be expressed in mass per unit time or may be based on a definite flow of dry solute-free solid. Also, in accordance with standard nomenclature, the terminal concentrations are as follows ... 

Absorber Using the nomenclature introduced for multistage cascades, and the results of Example 3.7 ... 

The nomenclature of cascade molecules according to the common rules has its difficulties. The names became extremely long and the fundamental structure of the molecule cannot be quickly derived from them. Newkome et al. therefore proposed a new nomenclature that reflects the structure in the sense that it names the molecule from the core towards the periphery. [8] Furthermore, the class of compound becomes clear, since the names begin with Z-Cascade , where Z is the number of functional groups on the periphery. 

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