Carotenoid bioconversion

A number of factors described as influencing carotenoid bioavailability were regrouped under the SLAMENGFll mnemonic. Species of carotenoid. Linkages at molecular level. Amount of carotenoids consumed in a meal. Matrix in which the carotenoid is incorporated. Effectors of absorption and bioconversion. Nutrient status of the host. Genetic factors. Host-related factors, and Interactions among these variables. Only the factors that affect the micellarization of the compound in the gut are discussed and summarized in Table 3.2.1. 

Studies in humans and animals suggest that carotenoid absorption depends on several factors including vitamin A status. Sklan and others (1989) demonstrated that vitamin A supplementation reduced (3-carotene and canthaxanthin absorption in chickens. Dietary carotenoids absorption and bioconversion to vitamin A varied inversely with the vitamin A status of Philippine children (Ribaya-Mercado and others 2000). Some studies (Lecomte and others 1994 Albanes and others 1997) have suggested a possible negative effect of alcohol consumption on carotenoid absorption however,... 

After cell uptake, provitamin A carotenoids are readily bioconverted to retinal by intestinal cells, although some bioconversion of carotenoids can take place in the liver (West and Castenmiller 1998). The retinal can be reversibly reduced to retinol or... 

Ribaya-Mercado JD, Solon FS, Solon MA, Cabal-Barza MA, Perfecto CS, Tang G, Solon JA, Fjeld CR and Rusell RM. 2000. Bioconversion of plant carotenoids to vitamin A in Filipino school-aged children varies inversely with vitamin A status. Am J Clin Nutr 72 455-465. 

Tanumihardjo SA. 2002. Factors influencing the conversion of carotenoids to retinol bioavailability to bioconversion to bioefficacy. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 72 40-5. 

West CE and Castenmiller JJM. 1998. Quantification of the SLAMENGHI factor for carotenoid bioavailability and bioconversion. Int J Vit Nutr Res 68 371-377. 

Castenmiller JJ and West CE (1998) Bioavailability and bioconversion of carotenoids. Annual Reviews of Nutrition 18,19-38. 

Yeum KJ and Russell RM (2002) Carotenoid bioavailability and bioconversion. Annual Reviews of Nutrition 22,483-504. 

West CE and Castenmiller JJ (1998) Quantification of the SLAMENGHl factors for carotenoid hioavailability and bioconversion. International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research 68,371-7. 

Use of Microorganisms for the Bioconversion of Primary Carotenoid Degradation Products. Microbial systems are frequently used for biotransformation... 

Castenmiller JJM, West CE (1998) Bioavailability and bioconversion of carotenoids. Annu Rev Nutr 18 19-38 Olson JA (1994) Vitamin A, retinoids and carotenoids. In Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M (eds) Modern nutrition in health and disease, 8th ed. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 287-307... 

Figure 2 A schematic outlining the path of /3-carotene (/3-C) as it moves out from the food into the intestinal wall. The definition of terms associated with understanding /3-carotene release, absorption, and conversion to retinoi are iiiustrated bioaccessibility, bioavailability, bionconversion, and bioefficacy. (Reproduced with permission from Tanumihardjo SA (2002) Factors influencing the conversion of carotenoids to retinol Bioavailability to bioconversion to bioefficacy. International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research 72 40-45.)...

Saenge, C., Cheirsilp, B., Suksaroge, T.T., Bourtoom, T., 2011a. Potential use of oleaginous red yeast Rhodotorula glutinis for the bioconversion of crude glycerol from biodiesel plant to lipids and carotenoids. Process Biochemistry 46, 210—218. 

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