Carboxylic acid acyclic

When side chains of two or more different kinds are attached to a cyclic component, only the senior side chain is named by the conjunctive method. The remaining side chains are named as prefixes. Likewise, when there is a choice of cyclic component, the senior is chosen. Benzene derivatives may be named by the conjunctive method only when two or more identical side chains are present. Trivial names for oxo carboxylic acids may be used for the acyclic component. If the cyclic and acyclic components are joined by a double bond, the locants of this bond are placed as superscripts to a Greek capital delta that is inserted between the two names. The locant for the cyclic component precedes that for the acyclic component, e.g., indene-A - -acetic acid. 

Esters undergo the same kinds of reactions that we ve seen for other carboxylic acid derivatives, but they are less reactive toward nucleophiles than either acid chlorides or anhydrides. All their reactions are equally applicable to both acyclic and cyclic esters, called lactones. 

For acyclic systems, the anti diastereoselectivity of the (i )-enolates is lower than the syn diastereoselectivity of comparable (Z)-enolates. For example, carboxylic acid esters, which form predominantly ( )-enolates, react with aldehydes with high anti selectivity only in those cases where bulky aromatic substituents are in the alcoholic part of the ester22 25. 

An alternative method for the preparation of AL(l-alkoxylalkyl)amides is the sodium borohy-dride reduction of A -acylimidates. Acyclic A-acylimidates are conveniently obtained by reaction of an acid chloride with an imidate47 in the presence of triethylamine. For acid-labile carboxylic acids a mild one-pot procedure has been developed48. 

Another occasionally used method for the preparation of acyclic A-(l-alkoxyalkyl)amides (or carbamates) proceeds via addition of reactive carboxylic acid derivatives to aldimines. In a one-pot procedure, treatment of the imine with the acid chloride (or ethyl chloroformate) and subsequent (m)ethanolysisofthe intermediary a-chloroamide leads to the oc-alkoxyamide56-58. 

Imides can be prepared by the attack of amides or their salts on acyl halides, anhydrides, and carboxylic acids or esters. The best synthetic method for the preparation of acyclic imides is the reaction between an amide and an anhydride at 100°C catalyzed by H2S04. When acyl chlorides are treated with amides in a2 l molar ratio at low temperatures in the presence of pyridine, the products are N,N-diacylamides, (RCO)3N. ... 

The chloroacetoxylation is a quite general reaction and works well with a number of conjugated dienes. Some additional examples are given in Scheme 6 and in equations 15 and 16. The reaction is highly syn stereoselective for a number of cyclic dienes tried. Also, for acyclic dienes the reaction leads to a 1,4 syn addition and the reaction takes place with good stereospecificity (94 -96% syn). Thus (Zi,.E)-dienes give the R R isomer whereas (E,Z)-dienes produce the R S isomer (equations 15 and 16). The reaction has also been extended to include other carboxylic acids than acetic acid (chloroacyloxylation)33d. 

Amino substituents in acyclic derivatives have been discussed by Eggert and Djerassi (396), who emphasize structural and conformational effects, whereas Batchelor has investigated SCS(NH2) and nitrogen protonation shifts in methylated cyclohexylamines (424). The, 3C NMR spectra of amino acids have been compared with those of amines and carboxylic acids (425,426). The transmission mechanisms of amino, ammonium, trimethylammonium, acetamido, and di-acetamido groups have been examined by Faure and co-workers (427), the SCSs of nitro groups by Ejchart (400), and those of azido functions in steroids by Lukacs and co-workers (428). 

Disubstituted (cyclobutadiene)Fe(CO)3 complexes in which the two substituents are different may exist as enantiomers. Racemic cyclobutadiene carboxylic acids or cyclobutadiene amine complexes of this type have been separated by classical resolution methodology234. These optically active (cyclobutadiene)Fe(CO)3 complexes are stable with respect to racemization at 120°C for 24 h. This stability contrasts with acyclic... 

In contrast to the other large cats, the urine of the cheetah, A. jubatus, is practically odorless to the human nose. An analysis of the organic material from cheetah urine showed that diglycerides, triglycerides, and free sterols are possibly present in the urine and that it contains some of the C2-C8 fatty acids [95], while aldehydes and ketones that are prominent in tiger and leopard urine [96] are absent from cheetah urine. A recent study [97] of the chemical composition of the urine of cheetah in their natural habitat and in captivity has shown that volatile hydrocarbons, aldehydes, saturated and unsaturated cyclic and acyclic ketones, carboxylic acids and short-chain ethers are compound classes represented in minute quantities by more than one member in the urine of this animal. Traces of 2-acetylfuran, acetaldehyde diethyl acetal, ethyl acetate, dimethyl sulfone, formanilide, and larger quantities of urea and elemental sulfur were also present in the urine of this animal. Sulfur was found in all the urine samples collected from male cheetah in captivity in South Africa and from wild cheetah in Namibia. Only one organosulfur compound, dimethyl disulfide, is present in the urine at such a low concentration that it is not detectable by humans [97]. 

We were interested in applications of the high level of stereocontrol associated with the asymmetric Birch reduction-alkylation to problems in acyclic and heterocyclic synthesis. The pivotal disconnection of the six-membered ring is accomplished by utilization of the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation (Scheme 7). Treatment of cyclohexanones 25a and 25b with MCPBA gave caprolactone amides 26a and 26b with complete regiocon-trol. Acid-catalyzed transacylation gave the butyrolactone carboxylic acid 27 from 26a and the bis-lactone 28 from 26b cyclohexanones 31a and 31b afforded the diastereomeric lactones 29 and 30. ... 

An extensive nmr study of the protonation of acyclic carboxylic acid anhydrides in HSO3F—SbFs—SO2 solution at —70°C has proved the formation of carbonyl-protonated anhydrides [206],... 

The CRU is named using replacement nomenclature ( a nomenclature) [3,8], N.B. In replacement a nomenclature as conventionally applied to acyclic structures with several heteroatoms, terminal heteroatoms are not designated with a prefixes but are named as characteristic groups of the structure, i.e., as hydroxy, amino, carboxylic acid, etc. However, heteroatoms in such positions within the CRUs of ladder or spiro polymer molecules are not terminal units and the stmctures are not acyclic. Consequently, such atoms are designated with a prefixes, and thereby the simplicity afforded by the application of replacement nomenclature to polymer molecules is enhanced. 

The suffixes -oic acid, -al, -amide and -nitrile are used to name acyclic compounds having one or two characteristic groups. Locants are not necessary, as these groups must be at the end of a chain. The suffixes -carboxylic acid, -carbaldehyde, -carboxamide and -carbonitrile are used when more than two groups are attached to chains or one or more groups are attached to cycles. 

The telomerization of butadiene by means of water in ILs was described by Dullius et Rottger et al. report a process for the telomerization of acyclic olefins having at least two conjugated double bonds, or their mixtures, using a palladium-carbene complex as catalyst in an IL solvent. The nucleophiles included water, alcohols, phenols, polyols, carboxylic acids, ammonia and primary and secondary amines. The acycylic olefins could be either 1,3-butadiene or isoprene. 

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