Carboxylate anion, basicity structure

Electrochemistry has elucidated the role of water in the deposition of polypyrrole [216]. The favourable effect of water [217] was found to be due to its protonscavenging action which eliminates protonation of pyrrole (protons are released in coupling) and its consequent subtraction from oxidation. The effect of the counteranion on structure and conductivity properties of polypyrrole is well documented [98,215,217-25]. It was found that deposition from carboxylate anions of different basicity [223] produces polymers with a conductivity which increases as the anion basicity is decreased. Sulfonate anions produce the... 

The choice of metal does not noticeably affect the structure of the bis(terp5Tidine) complex, only its stability. Complexes between iron and terpyridine are easily cleaved by weakly basic guests such as carboxylate anions. Cobalt(II) complexes... 

Axially chiral phosphoric acid 3 was chosen as a potential catalyst due to its unique characteristics (Fig. 2). (1) The phosphorus atom and its optically active ligand form a seven-membered ring which prevents free rotation around the P-0 bond and therefore fixes the conformation of Brpnsted acid 3. This structural feature cannot be found in analogous carboxylic or sulfonic acids. (2) Phosphate 3 with the appropriate acid ity should activate potential substrates via protonation and hence increase their electrophilicity. Subsequent attack of a nucleophile and related processes could result in the formation of enantioenriched products via steren-chemical communication between the cationic protonated substrate and the chiral phosphate anion. (3) Since the phosphoryl oxygen atom of Brpnsted acid 3 provides an additional Lewis basic site, chiral BINOL phosphate 3 might act as bifunctional catalyst. 

It may be desirable to define certain basic physical processes afresh, when we are dealing with systems essentially subject to two-dimensional conformations and hence two-dimensional constraints. This is the case for membranes, and also for a number of alkali salts of alkali -alkane carboxylates. These melt to give mesophases, in which the anions and cations are arranged in layerlike structures. At considerably higher temperatures the mesophases pass into isotropic ionic melts, but in the intervening temperature range they exhibit marked anisotropy of optical and physical properties. In these mesophases, which are ordered fluid... 

Solvent dyes [1] cannot be classified according to a specific chemical type of dyes. Solvent dyes can be found among the azo, disperse, anthraquinone, metal-complex, cationic, and phthalocyanine dyes. The only common characteristic is a chemical structure devoid of sulfonic and carboxylic groups, except for cationic dyes as salts with an organic base as anion. Solvent dyes are basically insoluble in water, but soluble in the different types of solvents. Organic dye salts represent an important type of solvent dyes. Solvent dyes also function as dyes for certain polymers, such as polyacrylonitrile, polystyrene, polymethacrylates, and polyester, in which they are soluble. Polyester dyes are principally disperse dyes (see Section 3.2). 

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