7- Carboxy glutamic Acid

Protein S. Protein S is a single-chain molecule of approximately 78,000 daltons that contains 10 y-carboxy glutamic acid residues in the NH -terminal portion of the molecule. Protein S is a regulatory vitamin K-dependent protein. In plasma 40% of this protein circulates free and 60% circulates bound to C4b binding protein. Free Protein S functions as a nonenzymatic cofactor that promotes the binding of Protein C to membrane surfaces (22—25). 

Nelsestuen G. L. Role of gamma carboxy glutamic acid. An unusual transition required for calcium-dependent binding of prothrombin to phospholipid. J Biol Chem 1976 251,5648. 

More dramatical examples of conformational change have been reported for Ca2 + -binding proteins. Osteocalcin is an abundant Ca2+-binding protein characterized by the presence of the unique vitamin K-dependent y-carboxy glutamic acid ll5). The... 

Stenflo, J. (1978). Vitamin K, prothrombin, and gamma-carboxy-glutamic acid. Adv. Enzymol Relat. Areas Mol. Biol. 46 1-31. 

The liver synthesizes fibrinogen factors V, VIII, XI, and XII, and the vitamin K-dependent factors II, VII, IX, and X. Furthermore the liver plays an important role in platelet growth and function. The vitamin K-dependent proteins contain y-carboxy-glutamic acid. Vitamin K is necessary for the carboxylation of these proteins, which facilitate the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. Patients with severe hepatocellular disease have decreased synthesis of the vitamin K-dependent clotting factors, especially factor VII. Furthermore, patients with cholestatic disease have decreased bile salt secretion, which is necessary for the absorption of vitamin K, leading to failure of activation of factors II, VII, IX, and X. In these patients, unlike those with hepatocellular disease, the prothrombin time can be corrected with an injection of vitamin K. 

Calcification in foreign materials is a biological process y-carboxy glutamic acid is a necessary amino acid in one key protein involved in this process. 

Matrix Cla protein (MGP), a y-carboxy-glutamic acid(Gla)-containing protein... 

Carboxy glutamic acid-containing protein Ca -" free ... 

The functional groups of the enzyme involved in the chemical bonding are the TV-terminal and s-amino groups (from lysine) as well as the carboxy-(aspartic or glutamic acid), sulfhydryl- (cysteine), hydroxyl- (serine, threonine), indole (tryptophan), imidazole (hystidine) and phenolic (tyrosine) functions. 

Polymer Media Alginate (Sodium) Cellulose Sulfate Carboxy- methyl Cellulose Xanthan Carrageenan (A) Gellan Gum Poly Glutamic Acid... 

By the route shown in Scheme 7, 5-amino-5,6-dideoxy-DL-gulonic acid (dl-69) was prepared.113 When D-glucuronic acid reacted with l-glutamic acid under reductive conditions, 6-deoxy-6-[l,3-di(carboxy-propyl)amino]-L-gulonic acid was formed.114... 

L B. Warfarin does not produce an anticoagulant effect in vitro. It inhibits coagulation of blood only in vivo, because the effect depends upon warfarin s effect in the liver on the production of clotting factors. Warfarin does not require conversion into an active drug. It inhibits the post-ribosomal carboxy-lation of glutamic acid residues in the vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Therefore, heparin rather than warfarin is used when blood is collected from donors and stored. 

Preparation of - -glutamic acid-y-(f-butyl)ester iV-carboxy anhydride... 

D-Glutamic acid-g-(t-butyl)ester N-carboxy anhydride was previously polymerized by Fujimoto et al. (1) in a l,2-dichloroethane/l,4-dioxane mixture using sodium 4-methyl-2-pyrrolidone as initiator. Additional derivatives were... 

In the context of my PhD research with Drs. Dave Evans and George Lomonos-soff we have demonstrated that CPMV also displays addressable carboxylates on its solvent-exposed surface (Figure 9.4b) [83]. The structural data from CPMV suggest eight to nine carboxylate groups, derived from aspartic and glutamic acids, to be on the solvent-exposed exterior surface five on the S subunit, two on the L subunit, and the carboxy-terminus of the solvent exposed terminal domain of S. 

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