Carbonyl compounds carboxylation

Oxidation of Oxygen-containing Compounds (Alcohols, Carbonyl Compounds, Carboxylic Acids)... 

Treatment of aldehydes or ketones with acceptor-substituted carbene complexes leads to formation of enol ethers [1271-1274], oxiranes [1048], or 1,3-dioxolanes [989,1275] by O-alkylation of the carbonyl compound. Carboxylic acid derivatives... 

REDUCTION OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS, CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES... 

Like other carbonyl compounds, carboxylic acids undergo /3 cleavage and y H transfer. 

Hydroperoxide formation is characteristic of alkenes possessing tertiary allylic hydrogen. Allylic rearrangement resulting in the formation of isomeric products is common. Secondary products (alcohols, carbonyl compounds, carboxylic acids) may arise from the decomposition of alkenyl hydroperoxide at higher temperature. 

Although they are not carbonylic compounds, carboxylate ions should be discussed here in conjunction with the carboxylic acids. Owing to its resonance stabilization, the —COjf group has no low-lying vacant orbital or any positive electron affinity thus it is non-reactive toward e q. Carboxylate ions with aliphatic chains, which may also carry OH or NH2 groups, are evidently non-reactive. This has been shown in the cases of formate, acetate, citrate, lactate, oxalate, glycinate and ethyl-enediaminetetra-acetate ions, all of which react with e q at rates lower than 1O0 m-1 sec-1 (Anbar and Neta, 1967a). 

We have seen that LDA forms enolates of carbonyl compounds, carboxylic esters, and carboxylic amides via cychc and six-membered transition states with the chair conformation. This geometry of the transition state for enoiate formation has consequences if a stereogenic C=C double bond is generated. 

Like all carbonyl compounds, carboxylic acid derivatives have a strong C=0 absorption between 1600 and 1850 cm. ... 

The reaction of nitriles with carbon monoxide, carbonyl compounds, carboxylates, ketenes, 1-aminoal-kynes and carbenes has been reviewed recently... 

Carbonyl compounds, carboxylic acids, and esters of a wide variety of types have been isolated from surface waters. Aldehydes and ketones are produced during the photolysis of larger polymers such as humic materials formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and glyoxal appear to be the most abundant in seawater samples (Kleber and Mopper, 1990). Low molecular weight mono-, di-, and tricarboxylic acids such as acetic, formic, lactic, glycolic, malic, and citric acids have been reported by many investiga-... 

CH,o— — 7=C—0- Alcohols, ethers, acetals, ketals, carbonyl compounds, carboxylic acids, esters, phenols... 

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