Carbonyl compound , acidity classification

Structure and Classification of Alcohols 425 10-3 Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols 427 10-4 Physical Properties of Alcohols 430 10-5 Commercially Important Alcohols 433 10-6 Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols 435 10-7 Synthesis of Alcohols Introduction and Review 438 Summary Previous Alcohol Syntheses 438 10-8 Organometallic Reagents for Alcohol Synthesis 440 10-9 Addition of Organometallic Reagents to Carbonyl Compounds 443... 

The third type of acid-catalyzed rearrangement of carbonyl compounds, being a part of the classification proposed137, should be mentioned in order to complete the picture. 

In some reactions the compounds unsubstituted at nitrogen proved to be typical oxaziridines. So the classification as oxaziridines was never a problem. They can be cleaved by hydrolysis to give carbonyl compounds and hydrox-ylamine and can easily be reduced by iodide in acid solution to form iodine, the carbonyl compound, and ammonia. N-Alkylation by t-butyl chloride leads to the known Ai-t-butyloxaziridine. By the action of ferrous salts the diamide of dodecanedicarboxylic acid is formed, in analogy to the formation of 31. 

Reactions of another class are catalyzed by Pd(II) compounds which act as Lewis acids, and are treated in Chapter 5 and partly in Chapter 4. From the above-mentioned explanation, the reactions catalyzed by Pd(0) and Pd(II) are clearly different mechanistically. In this book the stoichiometric and catalytic reactions are classified further according to reacting substrates. However, this classification has some problems, viz. it leads to separate treatment of some unit reactions in different chapters. The carbonylation of alkenes is an example. Oxidative carbonylation of alkenes is treated in Chapter 3 and hydrocar-bonylation in Chapter 4. 

Ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, esters, and amides all have a carbon-oxygen double bond (often called a carbonyl group). Explain how these classifications of organic compounds are different from each other. 

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