Carbonic acid anhydrides alcohols

EXPLOSION and FIRE CONCERNS highly flammable liquid NFPA rating Health 2, Flammability 4, Reactivity 2 oxidizes readily in air to unstable peroxides that may explode spontaneously condensation reaction with acid anhydrides, alcohols, ketones, and phenols can be violent combination with bromine, chlorine, fluorine, or iodine can be violent reaction of anhydrous ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, or hydrogen sulfide can be violent use carbon dioxide, dry chemical powder, or appropriate foam for firefighting purposes. 

Another method to obtain alcohols is to reduce the mixed carbonic acid anhydride prepared with Ethyl Chloroformate with an excess of Sodium Borohydride. This method uses less costly reagents thus it is more useful for synthetic transformations. 

Perchloric acid Acetic acid, acetic anhydride, alcohols, antimony compounds, azo pigments, bismuth and its alloys, methanol, carbonaceous materials, carbon tetrachloride, cellulose, dehydrating agents, diethyl ether, glycols and glycolethers, HCl, HI, hypophosphites, ketones, nitric acid, pyridine, steel, sulfoxides, sulfuric acid... 

Ahyl alcohol undergoes reactions typical of saturated, aUphatic alcohols. Ahyl compounds derived from ahyl alcohol and used industriahy, are widely manufactured by these reactions. For example, reactions of ahyl alcohol with acid anhydrides, esters, and acid chlorides yield ahyl esters, such as diahyl phthalates and ahyl methacrylate reaction with chloroformate yields carbonates, such as diethylene glycol bis(ahyl carbonate) addition of ahyl alcohol to epoxy groups yields products used to produce ahyl glycidyl ether (33,34). 

Derivatives are prepared from the appropriate acid anhydride, or occasionally the acid chloride, usually in the presence of a base such as pyridine, triethylamine, or N,N-dimethyl-4-amlnopyridine at elevated temperatures [474-482]. Acylation of amines and phenols (not alcohols) in aqueous solution in the presence of potassium carbonate has been demonstrated (448,483,484), but does not constitute m l practice as reactions are generally performed under i Arous conditions. 

In trying to formulate a reaction mechanism for the catalysis, the well known reaction of aluminum alcoholates with carboxylic anhydrides was used as a basis (14). For example, phthalic anhydride, maleic anhydrides, and carbon dioxide, will react so that the acid anhydride pushes itself between the metal atom and the alkoxy groups, thus separating them. This results in forming neutral aluminum salts of the monoalkyl carboxylic acids. It is possible, of course, for the conversion to proceed incompletely, having two alkoxy groups bound to the aluminum, thus having only 1 mole of acid anhvdride react on 1 mole of aluminum alcoholate. 

According to both the NFPA Guide and Bretherick (Refs 5 13), sulfuric acid causes explosions and/or fires when in intimate contact with a large number (over 70) of materials including acetic anhydride, acet and nitric acid, acrolein, alcohols, alcohols and hydrogen peroxide, anun hydroxide, aniline, bromine and metals, carbides, chlorates, cyclopentadiene, ethylene glycol, various hydrocarbons, hydrochloric acid, iron, mercuric nitride, powdered metals, perchlorates, picrates, pyridine, Na carbonate, steel, sucrose, vinyl acetate, and w. Illustrative... 

The reaction under consideration is typified by the formation of saturated carboxylic acids from olefins, carbon monoxide, and water. Other compounds have been used in place of olefins (alkyl halides, alcohols), and besides water, a variety of compounds containing active hydrogen may be employed. Thus, alcohols, thiols, amines, and acids give rise to esters, thio-esters, amides, and acid anhydrides, respectively (15). If the olefin and the active hydrogen are part of the same molecule, three or four atoms apart, cyclizations may occur to produce lactones, lactams, imides, etc. The cyclizations are formally equivalent to carbonylations, however, and will be considered later. 

The polymerisation of a-aminoacid A-carboxyanhydride, which is accompanied with the elimination of carbon dioxide, constitutes a convenient method for preparing high molecular weight polypeptide. This polymerisation, with the use of a-aminopropionic acid (alanine) A-carboxylic acid anhydride as a monomer, was also carried out in the presence of coordination catalysts such as group 2 and 3 metal alkyls [168-174] or their combinations with water, secondary amine or alcohol [168,173] and yielded polyalanine (Table 9.2). 

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