Carbonate equilibrium expression

From the carbonate equilibrium expression derived previously, we know that... 

The Kp/s for substances containing carbon tabulated by JANAF are in reality Kp, and the condensed phase is simply ignored in evaluating the equilibrium expression. The number of moles of carbon (or any other condensed phase) is not included in the n, since this summation is for the gas phase components contributing to the total pressure. 

Write an equilibrium expression, in terms of H+ usefully applied to the separation of metal ions as carbonates by saturation with C02. 

Write the equilibrium expression for the reaction when gaseous carbon dioxide dissolves in pure water to form carbonic acid. 

The amount of unionized carbonic acid in the solution can be calculated in the same way. The equilibrium expression for the ionization of carbonic acid, HoCO, into hydrogen ion and hydrogen carbonate ion is... 

The equilibrium expression for a saturated solution of calcium carbonate... 

The fundamental reason for this behavior is that the concentrations of pure solids and liquids cannot change. In other words, we might say that the concentrations of pure solids and liquids are constants. Therefore, we can write the equilibrium expression for the decomposition of solid calcium carbonate as... 

Thinking it Through In this gas-phase reaction, carbon monoxide and water vapor are allowed to come to equilibrium, forming carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The equilibrium expression for the reaction is this. 

A simplification occurs with heterogeneous equilibria because the concentrations of pure solids and pure liquids are constant at a fixed temperature (see page 137). For example, the equilibrium expression for the production of carbon monoxide from coke and carbon dioxide,... 

B and C. Explore and plan. If we pick a basis of 1 kg dry calcium carbonate/h, then O = 8 kg wash water/h and U = 3 kg h. This problem can be solved with the Kremser equation if we translate variables. To translate Since y = overflow liquid weight fraction, we set O = V. Then U = L. this translation keeps y = mx as the equilibrium expression. It is convenient to use the Kremser equation in terms of x. For instance, Eq. (12=31) becomes... 

Write chemical equations and equilibrium expressions for the reactions of each of the following weak acids with water (a) acetic acid, CH3COOH, (b) propanoic acid, C2H5COOH, (c) hydrofluoric acid, HE, (d) hypochlorous acid, HCIO, (e) carbonic acid, H2CO3... 

However, since carbon is a solid, its concentration is constant—it does not change. Adding more or less carbon to the reaction mixture does not change the concentration of carbon. The concentration of a solid does not change because a solid does not expand to fill ifs container. The concentration of a solid, fherefore, depends only on ifs densify, which (except for slight variations due to temperature) is constant as long as some solid is present. Consequently, pure solids—those reactants or products labeled in the chemical equation with an (s)—are not included in the equilibrium expression. The correct equilibrium expression is ... 

Writing equilibrium expressions for heterogeneous equilibria is also straightforward, but it is slightly different from what we have done so far for homogeneous equilibria. For example, carbon dioxide can combine with elemental carbon to produce carbon monoxide ... 

XJ is superscripted with an asterisk in order to distinguish it from the equilibrium constant that we are about to derive.) The "concentration of a solid, however, is a constant. If we were to double the number of moles of elemental carbon (C) in the preceding reaction, we would also double its volume. The ratio of moles to volume, which is how we define the concentration, remains the same. Because the concentration of solid carbon is a constant, it is incorporated into the value of the equilibrium constant and does not appear explicitly in the equilibrium expression. 

Diprotic and polyprotic acids undergo successive ionizations, losing one proton at a time (W Section 4.3], and each ionization has a ATa associated with it Ionization constants fCT a diprotic acid are designated and We write a separate equUibrium exja ession for each ionization, and we may need two or more equilibrium expressions to calculate the concentrations of species in solution at equilibrium. For carbonic acid (H2CO3), for example, we write... 

For carbonic acid, we can write the equilibrium expression as [H30 ] [HCO3- ]... 

Similarly, the concentration of a pure liquid does not change. So, pure liquids—reactants or products labeled in the chemical equation with an ( )— are also excluded from the equilibrium expression. For example, consider the equilibrium expression for the reaction between carbon dioxide and water ... 

Write chemical equations and corresponding equilibrium expressions for each of the two ionization steps of carbonic acid. 

The minimum amount required to achieve complete conversion of the hydrocarbon feedstock is 0.5 mol 02 per mol carbon. Steam is added to control the reaction temperature, which leads to additional H2 generation via CO shift [Eq. (3)]. The final partial oxidation effluent gas composition is governed by the following chemical equilibrium expressions ... 

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