Carbon helium

Elliot, T., Ballentine, C. X, O Nions, R. K., Ricchiuto, T. (1993) Carbon, helium, neon and argon isotopes in a Po Basin (northern Italy) natural gas field. Chem. Geol., 106, 429-40. 

That s what astronomers called the combining of three helium nuclei to make carbon. Helium nuclei in the core of a red giant are moving about at high speeds. Encounters between the three nuclei, if they occurred, would be extremely brief. In the past, some scientists estimated that three nuclei would only have a thousand million million millionth of a second to react to form carbon. 3... 

Churilov, G.N., Petrakovskaya, E.A., Bulina, N.V., Marachevsky, A.V., Gryaznova, S.A., Vnukova, N.G., Novikov, P.V. (2004) Composite clusters obtained in carbon-helium plasma at atmospheric pressure by injection of doping elements, Int. Symp. on Carbon of Catalysis, 181-182. 

TABLE 1. Ratio of fullerenes formed in carbon-helium plasma at different current frequency... 

Even earlier (in 1939) Halban and Kowarski, as well as other experimentalists, had fairly well established that self-sustaining chain reactions with UsOg and ordinary water are not possible [2,3,4], Homogeneous systems of uranium with carbon, helium, beryllium, or oxygen were also considered, and were rejected as not feasible either for nuclear, chemical, or engineering reasons. 

When hydrogen is burned up in the nuclear furnace of a star, helium burning takes over, forming carbon, which in turn leads to oxygen, etc. Subsequent emission processes releasing a-particles, equilibrium processes, neutron absorption, proton capture, etc. lead to heavier elements. 

In the sodium atom pairs of 3/2 states result from the promotion of the 3s valence electron to any np orbital with n > 2. It is convenient to label the states with this value of n, as n P 1/2 and n f 3/2, the n label being helpful for states that arise when only one electron is promoted and the unpromoted electrons are either in filled orbitals or in an x orbital. The n label can be used, therefore, for hydrogen, the alkali metals, helium and the alkaline earths. In other atoms it is usual to precede the state symbols by the configuration of the electrons in unfilled orbitals, as in the 2p3p state of carbon. 

Natural-gas components include water vapor, carbon dioxide (qv), sometimes hydrogen sulfide, heavier hydrocarbons (qv), methane, nitrogen, small amounts of argon, traces of neon and hydrogen, and helium. The production of pure helium from natural gas requires three basic processing steps (73). 

The quantity of breathing gas consumed in deep dives is of both economical and logistical concern at depths of 300 m, a reasonably active diver requites ca 1.8 m (64 fT at STP) of breathing gas per minute. In closed-cycle breathing systems, of both the self-contained and umbiHcal types, the helium is recitculated after carbon dioxide is removed and the oxygen replenished (147). 

Fig. 3. Pressure required for ignition of mixtures of acetylene and a diluent gas (air, oxygen, butane, propane, methane, carbon monoxide, ethylene, oil gas, nitrogen, helium, or hydrogen) at room temperature. Initiation fused resistance wire. Container A, 50 mm dia x 305 mm length (73) B,...

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