Carbon compounds, naming

The name of a carbon compound shows how many carbon atoms it contains, the type(s) of chemical bonds present between the carbon atoms, and the other atoms bonded to the carbon chain. The word methane, for example, shows that the compound has one carbon atom with only single bonds. All carbon compounds with one carbon atom begin with the prefix meth. In this case, the -ane ending shows that the compound contains only single bonds. All carbon compound names follow these rules. 

In these formulae it is assumed that the (NH3) group has a capacity for forming homologous chains much like the methylene (CII2) group in the carbon compounds. The metal-ammines were represented, therefore, as built up of chains of ammonia molecules. By adopting such formulae he recognised that two different forms of chain formation are possible just as in the case of the carbon compounds, namely, the normal form and the iso or branched form. Thus ... 

New carbon compounds, namely, endohedral metallofullerenes (EMF.v) are promising building blocks to be used in the design of nanosized materials of a new generation. They exhibit unique electrical, magnetic and chemical properties. Now fullerene chemistry is most developed due to that fullerenes are accessible to a wide range of researchers. However, chemical properties of EMFs are very weakly studied because of problems of the synthesis and isolation of pure EMF.v in preparative quantities. 

During this time I suggested (in 1972) naming the cations of carbon compounds carbocations (because the corresponding anions were named carbanions ). To my surprise, the name stuck and was later officially adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry for general use. 

Before we start with a systematic discussion of the syntheses of difunctional molecules, we have to point out a formal difficulty. A carbonmultiple bond is, of course, considered as one functional group. With these groups, however, it is not clear, which of the two carbon atoms has to be named as the functional one. A 1,3-diene, for example, could be considered as a 1,2-, 1,3-, or 1,4-difunctional compound. An a, -unsaturated ketone has a 1.2- as well as a 1,3-difunctional structure. We adhere to useful, although arbitrary conventions. Dienes and polyenes are separated out as a special case. a, -Unsaturated alcohols, ketones, etc. are considered as 1,3-difunctional. We call a carbon compound 1,2-difunctional only, if two neighbouring carbon atoms bear hetero atoms. 

Compounds containing the neutral (formally zwitterionic) group =N2 attached by one atom to carbon are named by adding the prefix diazo- to the name of the parent compound (Rule 931.4), e.g., diazomethane, ethyl diazoacetate. Diazo is a so-called characteristic group appearing only as a prefix in substitutive nomenclature. Chemical Abstracts and Beilstein indexing of diazo compounds is analogous to that mentioned above for diazonium ions and salts, but Diazo compounds is not... 

Both of these compounds are compounds of two nonmctals. The carbon is named first, since it lies to the left of oxygen in the periodic table. Then the oxygen is named, with its ending changed to -ide and a prefix denoting the number of oxygen atoms present, (a) Carbon monoxide and (ft) carbon dioxide. 

Systematic names describe the molecular structure of a compound. A systematic name consists of two parts, . The is the name of a compound having a particular caibon skeleton. The are a list of one or more radical groups connected by chemical bonds to the parent compound. Substituents are arranged in alphabetical order within a compound name. If the parent contains more than one carbon atom, each substiuent name is preceded by a number identifying the carbon atom in the parent compound to which it is connected. 

We have previously seen examples of the carbon-like formulas of mononuclear and dinuclear osmium compounds, namely the methane-like tetrahydride (4.50c), ethylene-like H20s=CH2 (4.51c) and H2Os = OsH2 (Table 4.15), acetylenelike HOs = CH (4.54c) and HOs = OsH (Table 4.15), allene-like H2C = Os = CH2 (4.55a), and so forth. While the coordination numbers and Lewis-like formulas are formally analogous, the actual structures of Os and C species may be quite similar (e.g., the Td structures of OsfL and CH4) or dissimilar (e.g the strongly bent Cs structure of H20s = CH2 [Fig. 4.13(c)] versus the planar D2h structure of H2C = CH2). 

Common examples of carbon compounds include carbon dioxide (CO2, exhaled when we breathe), table sugar (Cj2H220j2), chalk (CaCOg), and natural gas (mostly CH ). Because there are so many different carbon compounds in nature, it is impossible to learn the name of each one. Instead, groups of carbon compounds are named according to their chemical makeup and structural characteristics. 

The number of carbon atoms and the type of bond that form the name of a carbon compound is shown using the prefixes and suffixes in Table 3.2. 

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