Reduction carbohydrates

KL-a and v for the 10 litres/min airflow rate for the 15 litre aeration system was 0.0509 h-1 and 1.3 ms 1. From the experimental results, the microbial growth was not at the optimum stage for the reasons mentioned earlier. Nevertheless, a reduction of around 95% can be achieved for carbohydrate reduction. However, further studies should be earned out for optimisation of the treatment and to improve COD reduction for pharmaceutical waste-water treatment. 

P. de Poully, A. Chenede, J.-M. Mallet, and P. Sinay, SmI2 promoted chemistry at the anomeric center of carbohydrates. Reductive foimation and reaction of glycosyl samarium (III) reagents. Bull. Soc. Chim Fr. 730 256 (1993). 

The carbonyl group of carbohydrates can be reduced to an alcohol function. Typical procedures include catalytic hydrogenation and sodium borohydride reduction. Lithium aluminum hydride is not suitable, because it is not compatible with the solvents (water, alcohols) that are required to dissolve carbohydrates. The products of carbohydrate reduction are called alditols. Because these alditols lack a carbonyl group, they are, of course, incapable of forming cyclic hemiacetals and exist exclusively in noncyclic forms. 

The reduction of halides or sulfonates is one of the most conventional methods for the synthesis of deoxy sugars. This method is particularly useful for the deoxygenation of primary hydroxyls of carbohydrates. Reduction has been accomplished employing one of the following three methods. 

Hydrogenation combined with hydrolysis Carbohydrate reductions... 

The biosynthesis of thymine and cytosine (the former as thymidine and the latter as cytidine as they bear 5 -phosphorylated carbohydrate units) utilize uracil (as uridine diphosphate [UDP]). Further, of course, since for thymidine the 2 -deoxy-sugar must form first, the carbohydrate reduction must also be considered. 

Carbohydrates show very low ultraviolet (UV) absorption. Their visualization and evaluation on TLC plates can be satisfactorily made only after suitable derivatization. The majority of chemical derivatization procedures are based on the reductive properties of carbohydrates. Reductive amination of sugars in the presence of an acid is a typical example. Methods based on reductive amination require an aldehydic reducing carbon on the saccharide that reacts with the amino group of the chromophore or fluorophore. 

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