Carbamate compounds phase 11 reactions

Raju and Kogan demonstrated the synthesis of simple, diverse sulfonamides using a new carbamate linker.44 They also showed that the Suzuki reaction could be used for convenient introduction of diversity in their solid-phase synthesis. The three-step sequence is shown in Scheme 48. The purities of the cleaved compounds are good, but the sequence yields are low (32-33%). 

Few solid-phase syntheses of oxazoles have been reported (Table 15.17). The most general strategy is the dehydration of a-(acylamino) ketones (Entry 2, Table 15.17) or 2-(acylamino)phenols (Entry 1, Table 15.17). Oxazolidin-2-ones have been prepared by intramolecular nucleophilic cleavage of carbamates from insoluble supports (Entries 5 and 6, Table 15.17). Resin-bound 2-aminoethanols, which are accessible by nucleophilic ring-opening of oxiranes with amines, undergo cyclocondensation with aldehydes to yield oxazolidines [220,221]. These compounds are unstable towards acids, and can be released from the support only under neutral or basic reaction conditions. 

The use of the Fmoc-protected 4-nitrophenyl carbamate building blocks and resins with acid-labile linkers allows synthesis of the final products with C-terminal carboxylic acid or amide groups (Fig. 6). Unfortunately, Fmoc solid-phase synthesis of oligourea peptidomimetics with C-terminal carboxylic acid also leads to formation of corresponding hydantoin byproducts (53-56) (Fig. 7). In this case hydantoin formation arises as a result of an acid-catalyzed intramolecular cyclizafion reaction. It has been reported that the ratio of desired oligourea pepfidomimetic acid product and hydantoin byproduct is approximately 2 1 (53). However, these two compounds are in principle separable by preparative HPLC. 

Carbon disulfide is the dithio derivative of C02. It is only a weak electrophile. Actually, it is so unreactive that in many reactions it can be used as a solvent. Consequently, only good nucleophiles can add to the C—S double bond of carbon disulfide. For example, alkali metal alkoxides add to carbon disulfide forming alkali metal xan-thates A (Figure 7.4). If one were to protonate this compound this would provide compound B, which is a derivative of free dithiocarbonic acid. It is unstable in the condensed phase in pure form, just as free carbonic acid and the unsubstituted carbamic acid (Formula B in Figure 7.3) are unstable. Compound B would therefore decompose spontaneously into ROH and CS2. Stable derivatives of alkali metal xanthates A are their esters C. They are referred to as xanthic add esters or xanthates. They are obtained by an alkylation (almost always by a methylation) of the alkali metal xanthates A. You have already learned about synthesis applications of xanthic acid esters in Figures 1.32, 4.13, and 4.14. 

After separation of compounds (1) and (2), their activity is measured and the mass m can be calculated from eq. (17.20). Homogeneous as well as heterogeneous exchange reactions may be apphed in analytical chemistry. An example is the determination of small amounts of Bi Bi is selectively extracted by diethyldithio-carbamate in chloroform, a known amount of Bil labelled with " Bi is added, after about 30 s Bil4 is extracted into water, and the activities in both phases are measured. In the case of heterogeneous exchange reactions, separation of the components is simple. 

A solid-phase synthesis of oxazolidinones 206 has been performed in which the final ring closure reaction also detaches the desired compound from the resin. The carbamate 205 is especially susceptible to base-promoted cycloclimination <01EJO2965>. 

Enzymatic reaction can be used for the analysis of not only organic phosphorous chemical agents, but also organic phosphorous pesticides and carbamates, as these compounds also inhibit cholinesterase, and can occur together with CWA in field conditions. Therefore, methods have been developed for differentiating cholinesteraseblocking pesticides and organic phosphorous CWA. Ten insecticides and soman and VX were separated on a plate with silica gel. A mixture of dichloroethane and ethyl acetate (9 1) was used as the mobile phase. Analyzed chemicals were identified with selective reactions. Total time of the analysis did not exceed 30 min. 

From a practical point of view, isocyanates, together with carbamates and ureas (Chapter 3), are the most important organic products discussed in this book. Their synthesis from nitroarenes has indeed been the subject of many patents. There are also limited examples of aliphatic isocyanates obtained by this route. Organic mono- and diisocyanates may be prepared in a continues liquid phase method by treating the appropriate amine with phosgene. However, the reaction is rather complex [6] and, besides the use of the dangerous phosgene, the formation of the corrosive hydrochloric acid creates several problems. Aliphatic isocyanates can also be obtained from olefins with isocyanate ion in the presence of a salt of a coordination compound of palladium or platinum [7], from olefins with isocyanic acid in the vapour phase over Pt/ALOs [8], and from formamides, by oxidation over a silver catalyst [9]. Apparently only the last reaction seems to have some potential practical applications [10]. 

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