Calorie dissipation

As an example of a numerical calculation, a lightly cross-linked natural rubber with J" = 1.0 X 10 cm /dyne under a sinusoidal deformation at 10 Hz and a peak shear stress of 10 dynes/cm would dissipate 0.0038 calorie/cc/sec. Since the heat capacity is about 0.5 calorie/deg/g, the temperature would rise about 0.008 deg/sec if no heat were lost by conduction. Other examples are given by Kramer and Ferry. ... 

The fermentation speed, which depends on must composition (nitrogen-based substances) and yeast inoculation conditions. Operations such as aeration, chaptalization and inoculation will increase the fermentation speed, limit the dissipation of calories and increase the maximum temperature. Reciprocally, not crushing the red harvest in carbonic maceration (Section 12.9.1) will slow fermentation kinetics and lower the maximum temperature. 

The calibration of a DSC or DTA instrument is crucial for various reasons. Firstly, for the determination of the temperature, and secondly, to convert the dissipated power into useful energy units, e.g., joules or calories. The temperature calibration is of vital importance since, in most cases, a calibrated thermometer cannot be used for the temperature measurement. As for the calibration of energy, it too is important as, in many... 

When cells die, their proteins are broken down into their building blocks and are fully recycled, releasing energy. We also break down food proteins in our bodies to get amino acids and energy. The energy is dissipated as heat or used for various life processes, including the synthesis of new proteins. We need a substantial amount of calorie intake to keep our body temperature at 37°C. 

Bulk Polymerization. Bulk or mass polymerization is conducted with undiluted monomers and prepolymers. It is most successful in reactions where the monomer, like styrene and methyl methacrylate, will dissolve its polymer. The major difficulty associated with bulk polymerization is dissipating the exotherm that accompanies the process. For example, conversion of a carbon-carbon double bond to a single bond evolves about 30 kilocalories/mole of double bond. For polystyrene this amounts to about 290 calories/g, enough energy to severely overheat the mass if a way is not provided to transfer this heat from the polymerizing bulk. 

---