Calixarenes inclusion compounds

Cavilaics include crown rnacroring inclusion compounds (coronates), cryptates, podates. cytlophane host inclusion compnunds. calixarene inclusion compounds, cyclodextrin and amylose inclusion compounds, cucurbituril inclusion compounds, molecular deft inclusion compounds, and anionic guest inclusion compounds. 

California Technical Bulletin 133 test, 11 459 Californium (Cf), 1 463—491, 464t electronic configuration, l 474t ion type and color, l 477t metal properties of, l 482t Caliper Life Sciences, 26 976 Calixarene(s), 2 209 24 35-36, 47 crystals of, 24 53 derivatives of, 24 37 inclusion compounds in, 14 165-166 lipophilic, 24 57... 

Much interest has centred on the branch of cyclophanes known as calixarenes. They are polyphenol systems that can act as hosts in the formation of inclusion compounds, where a small guest molecule resides completely in a cavity within a single host they are cone-shaped cavitands . Several accounts have appeared of their history. The discovery by Baeyer of a formaldehyde/phenol resin led to Bakelite and to the work of A. Zincke and E. Ziegler, who gave to the first oligomer a tetrameric structure of a calix[4]arene. Later syntheses by Gutsche (1978) led to calixarenes with 4, 6 or 8 phenol residues.107-109... 

Isoaromatization of dienone macrocycles afforded Horning-crown macro-cycles - flexible macrocycles bearing structural elements reminiscent of those found in both calixarenes and crown ethers. In some cases the Horning-crown macrocycles exhibited solvent-dependent and switchable conformations. For macrocycles with the same short linker, self-complementarity was observed, and dimers tended to crystallize as solvates or inclusion compounds. This tendency was suppressed with longer linkers and in some Horning-crowns derived from trapezoidal macrocycles. These properties suggest potential applications in analysis, separation and detection (Figure 6.8). ... 

The calixarenes have a flexible or rigid cavity, resp., which can be shaped to some extent. Some inclusion compounds in the solid state have bren described, but the low solubility in water did not allow applications in respect to an enzyme mimick as yet. Host/guest interactions in solution according to studies of Gutsche et al. seem to occur in some cases, but are weak. Shinkai and coworkers seem recently to have overcome parts of these problems by incorporation of sulfonic add groups in this skeleton (72 and 73). 

For a time one managed by choosing new descriptions and used intricate contractions and modifications of the available terms Some examples being clathrate complex, clathrate hydrate, hydrocarbon clathrate, gas hydrate, interlamellar sorbent, molecular compoimd, addition compound, loose addition complex, cascade complex, lock-and-key complex, super molecular complex, molecular complex associate, tweezer molecule complex, soccer molecule complex, hexapus molecule complex, octopus molecule complex as well as complexes or inclusion compounds of spherands, sepulchrands, coronands, cyclidenes, cryptands, cryptophanes, calixarenes, cucurbit-uril, annelides etc. 

Study of the inclusion behaviors of the cavity of many commonly known macrocyclic receptors like calixarenes, cyclodextrins and cyclic oligopeptides draws considerable interest in supramolecular chemistry. However, the construction of inclusion compounds using self-assembly of... 

Hofmann-type clathrates Werner clathrates clathrate hydrates inclusion compounds of urea, thiourea, and selenourea cyclodextrins calixarenes gossypol hexa-hosts hydroquinone phenol and Dianin s compounds graphite intercalates natural and pillared clays and others. Such studies contributed to the birth of supramolecular chemistry, with relevance to a new understanding of the world of materials that was emphasized with a Nobel Prize. 

---