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Calculations graphical methods

For the first time through a liqmd-liquid extrac tion problem, the right-triangular graphical method may be preferred because it is completely rigorous for a ternary system and reasonably easy to understand. However, the shortcut methods with the Bancroft coordinates and the Kremser equations become valuable time-savers for repetitive calculations and for data reduction from experimental runs. The calculation of pseudo inlet compositions and the use of the McCabe-Thiele type of stage calculations lend themselves readily to programmable calculator or computer routines with a simple correlation of equilibrium data. [Pg.1463]

It therefore appears that other hydrocarbons than medrane take part, but to a lesser extent. The other species which were considered in this calculation were SiCl, SiH4, CH3CI, SiHs, H, Si, Sia, Cl and CI2, all of which are gaseous at this temperature. It is difficult to predict before dris calculation what will be the major species, and attempts to limit die number of compounds which are included is to some extent subjective, but this can be conected by using the graphical method as a preliminaty. [Pg.98]

The rea.son for this choice of low pressure ratio is illustrated by an approximate analysis [12], which extends the graphical method of calculating gas turbine pierformance described in Chapter 3. If the gas turbine higher plant is assumed to ojjerate on an air standard cycle (i.e. the working fluid is a perfect gas with a constant ratio of specific heats, y), then the compressor work, the turbine work, the net work output and the heat supplied may be written as... [Pg.123]

A simple graphical method of effecting the calculation is described by B. Boozeboom ( Heterogen. [Pg.311]

Emil Bose (1910) maintains that Zawidski s calculations, with Margules solution with only a few coefficients, are not satisfactory, and proposes to find the partial pressures by a graphical method which consists in drawing the two partial pressure curves so that the sum of their ordinates is everywhere equal to the ordinate of the (known) total pressure curves. The Duhem equation shows that pi, p2 are positive, continuous, and smgle-valued functions of a , so that only one decomposition of the total pressure curve has any physical significance, and for every value of x ... [Pg.403]

The determination of k from Eq. (3-28), given a series of t, [A], pairs, requires a nonlinear least-squares program for the analysis of the data. A formidable calculation is thus made relatively simple. Otherwise, the graphical method suggested by Eq. (3-27) can be used. If the reaction is followed by an instrumental method, one can easily show that these readings, designated Y, are related to concentrations by... [Pg.51]

In practice, even the determination of a fourth-order correlation function requires a large amount of calculation. However, this procedure may be standardized by a graphical method, which performs the integration in Eq. (1.54) by using properties of Hermite polynomials [37], Without going into details, we give the result... [Pg.25]

If he selects the still pressure (which for a binary system will determine the vapour-liquid-equilibrium relationship) and one outlet stream flow-rate, then the outlet compositions can be calculated by simultaneous solution of the mass balance and equilibrium relationships (equations). A graphical method for the simultaneous solution is given in Volume 2, Chapter 11. [Pg.19]

To evaluate r for other reactions, we can obtain p for the reaction by measuring kx values for m -substituted compounds only, and then measure kx for p-substituted compounds where the values of graphical methods. Thus for the base-catalysed hydrolysis of p-substituted phenoxytriethylsilanes... [Pg.373]

A graphical method such as this is usually superior to a simplistic calculation of k2 = k -l [NaOH] (e.g. in the Worked Example 8.16), because scatter and/or chemical back or side reactions will not be detected by a single calculation. Also, the involvement of a back reaction (see next section) would be seen most straightforwardly as a non-zero intercept in a plot of k (as y ) against [reagent in excess] (as V). [Pg.392]

The same graphical method can also be used to illustrate the nature of the double layer interaction free energy and to bring out a simple physical result which can be used to check numerical algorithms commonly used to calculate the interaction free energy. [Pg.100]

Fuoss and Accascina 36) present graphical methods for treating conductance data according to either equation. Kay 8 43> describes a computer program for least squares analysis in which standard deviations for the parameters are calculated as well. A similar program is described in Ref. H>. [Pg.13]

They wrote a FORTRAN program which solved all equations but one, that of charge conservation. The pH at electrical neutrality was determined by a graphical method, in which the total positive and negative charge concentrations were calculated and plotted for a series of assumed pH s and the crossing point found. [Pg.115]

The calculation of the Limit of Detection and/or Limit of Quantification can also be made using a graphical method. In this case the analyst prepares at least three test samples at different concentration levels and makes at least six measurements at each concentration and calculates the mean concentration c and standard deviation s. The three mean concentration values are the independent vari- "... [Pg.228]

The selection of a solvent for a new separation problem, even today, is a matter of trial and error. The application of theory (2) with the additional application of the solubility parameters (6J-65) makes it possible to estimate the composition of appropriate solvent mixtures for the separation of relatively simple compounds. In order to calculate the necessary solvent strength, however, a set of experimental data concerning the behavior of the sample components, the adsorbent, and the elution strength of the eluents with the specific adsorbent are necessary. Others (J5) recommend a graphical method as a time-saving alternative to bi th calculation and the trial-and-error approach to obtain a first approximation of the eluent composition appropriate for the separation of a givin sample. [Pg.217]

A simple graphical method may be used to perform many calculations involving continuous stirred tank reactors. From the design equation (130) for one tank... [Pg.88]

The principal use of Eq. (173) is in conjunction with a similar heat dispersion equation. Unfortunately, a system of coupled nonlinear partial differential equations then has to be solved, which is very difficult even with the aid of computers. In the oxidation of sulfur dioxide. Hall and Smith (HI) found relatively good agreement between theory and experiment near the center of the reactor. Their calculations were based on the heat-dispersion equation, and they did not take detailed mass dispersion into account. Baron (B2) later solved the mass and heat dispersion equations simultaneously by a novel graphical method, and found better agreement between his calculations and the data of Hall and Smith. [Pg.183]

Graphical method Assume the number of effects and calculate the fixed, variable, and total expenses for effect. [Pg.40]

In addition to the quick and dirty method used above to see whether a relationship exists, there are graphical methods which may be used to fit the best strsight line to a set of data There are several methods which improve your ability to dtaw a line which describes a relationship, without extensive calculation One of the better of these is described below. [Pg.83]

A value for the equivalent conductance at infinite dilution for lithium bromide in acetone was first calculated in 1905 by Dutoit and Levier (13) for 18°C 166 12 1 cm2 eq-1. A graphical method involving Ostwald s dilution law (A-1 = Ao-1 + cA/KdAq2), applied to their data in 1913 by Kraus and Bray (14), produced values of 5.7 X 10 4 for Kd and 165 12 1 cm2 eq-1 for Aq. Deviations from the mass action law (nonlinearity in the graph) become appreciable at concentrations of ca. 10 3N. Both groups pointed out that measurements in acetone are liable to error from several sources, including the presence of solvent impurities and exposure to light. A solvent correction of 21% was applied to their most dilute solution. [Pg.249]

Although the interpretation of patterns from cubic crystals can be done by way of calculations as above, it is more convenient to use the graphical methods described in the next section. [Pg.142]

The rotation diagrams of monoclinic crystals can also be used for graphical determination of the spacings of the planes this is done (as in Fig. 92) by measuring the distance of each point to the origin. This graphical method is much more rapid than calculation. [Pg.167]


See other pages where Calculations graphical methods is mentioned: [Pg.164]    [Pg.1317]    [Pg.1677]    [Pg.94]    [Pg.330]    [Pg.279]    [Pg.387]    [Pg.361]    [Pg.86]    [Pg.197]    [Pg.511]    [Pg.112]    [Pg.124]    [Pg.426]    [Pg.139]    [Pg.306]    [Pg.530]    [Pg.182]    [Pg.94]    [Pg.111]    [Pg.125]    [Pg.151]    [Pg.143]    [Pg.291]    [Pg.159]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.34 , Pg.35 , Pg.36 ]




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