Calcium excretion cholesterol

Part of the cholesterol newly synthesized in the liver is excreted into bile in a free non-esterified state (in constant, amount). Cholesteiol in bile is normally complexed with bile salts to form soluble cholic acids, Free cholesterol is not readily soluble and with bile stasis or decreased bile salt concentration may precipitate as gallstones. Most common gallstones are built of alternating layers of cholesterol and calcium bilirubin and consist mainly (80-90%) of cholesterol. Normally. 80% of hepatic cholesterol arising from blood or lymph is metabolized to cholic acids and is eventually excreted into the bile in the form of bile salts. 

Vitamin D. Vitamin D is a steroidlike hormone that can be obtained from dietary sources or synthesized in the skin from cholesterol derivatives in the presence of ultraviolet light. Vitamin D produces several metabolites that are important in bone mineral homeostasis.27,31 In general, vitamin D derivatives such as 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 increase serum calcium and phosphate levels by increasing intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption and by decreasing renal calcium and phosphate excretion.27,46... 

Correct answer = D. Among black patients, diuretic and calcium channel blockers are more effective than ACE inhibitors or p-blockers. Diuretics are effective among the elderly. Thiazide diuretics cause hyperuricemia and can precipitate a gout attack in susceptible individuals. Thiazide diuretics increase LDL cholesterol and may increase the risk of atherosclerosis in patients with hyperlipidemia. Patients with evidence of elevated catecholamines are best treated with p-blockers. Thiazides cannot promote sodium excretion when renal function is severely impaired. The loop diuretics, such as furosemide, are used in patients with impaired renal function. 

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