Calcium channels diseases involving

Alpha-receptor-blocking drugs do not seem to be effective in the treatment of peripheral vascular occlusive disease characterized by morphologic changes that limit flow in the vessels. Occasionally, individuals with Raynaud s phenomenon and other conditions involving excessive reversible vasospasm in the peripheral circulation do benefit from prazosin or phenoxybenzamine, although calcium channel blockers may be preferable for most patients. 

In carbon-14 chemistry, Knoevenagel-Michael sequences with alkyl acetoacetates have found widest application in the synthesis of labeled 1,4-dihydropyridines (Hantzsch dihydropyridine synthesis). 4-Aryl-l,4-dihydro[ C]pyridine derivatives constitute a class of calcium antagonists and calcium channel blockers that play an important role in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The basic sequence, depicted in Figure 6.90, involves first the Knoevenagel condensation of an aromatic aldehyde with an alkyl... 

Membrane-bound enzymes, particularly the ATPases involved in the ionic pumps for calcium, sodium and potassium, have been found to function abnormally in the brains of epileptic patients and animals. A reduction in Na+K+-ATPase activity has been reported in human focal epileptogenic tissue, but it is uncertain whether such changes are due to the disease itself or a reflection of drug treatment. Similar changes have, however, been reported in experimental animals following the localized application of alumina cream and in DBA/2 mice that exhibit sound-induced seizures a reduction in calcium-dependent ATPase has also been found in the brain of DBA/2 mice. Such findings are consistent with the hypothesis that a defect in ion channels may occur in epilepsy. 

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