Caffeine active ingredients

The concentrations of the active ingredients as reported from the manufacturer s label are 37% acetaminophen, 37% aspirin, and 10 % caffeine. The remainder of the tablet mass represents the excipient (binder, disintegrant, and lubricant) materials. Pure acetaminophen, aspirin and caffeine samples are obtained in either tablet form or powder compact and used to obtain reference specua of pure components. 

Nicotine [NIC o teen] is the active ingredient in tobacco. Although this drug is not currently used therapeutically (except in smoking cessation therapy, see p. 101), nicotine remains important because it is second only to caffeine as the most widely used CNS stimulant and is second to alcohol as the most abused drug. In combination with the tars and carbon monoxide found in cigarette smoke, nicotine represents a serious risk factor for lung and cardiovascular disease, various cancers, as well as other illnesses. 

The sustained-release characteristics can be modified by varying the content of spray-dried PVAc/Povidone in the formulation. Figure 58 shows the influence of the amount of on the release of caffeine as a example of a soluble active ingredient. 

In 1963 Hoffman and Mitchell described a method for determining in a single run the active ingredients in APC-tablets (= Acetylsalicylic acid, Phenacetin, Caffeine tablets). Due to the high ratio of phenacetin to caffeine (162 mg 32 mg) and the small differences in their retention times, it was not very satisfactory for the determination of caffeine. However, the means of several analyses yielded results close to either the labeled claim or the composition by synthesis. The results of a series of analyses of synthetic APC mixtures are listed in Table 20.3. 

Amphetamine purity ranges from 6 % in Ireland to 100 % in Greece. By contrast, the composition of pills sold as ecstasy varies considerably. While most contain MDMA or similar substances (MDEA, MDA), they may also include, or consist entirely of, other active ingredients such as amphetamines or caffeine. The physical characteristics of the tablets often do not indicate their composition since the same shape or logo may be used for different contents. 

Diuretics have many different mechanisms of action, but all of them affect transport activity or water reabsorption along the nephron and collecting duct system. Over-the-counter orally administered diuretics can contain chemically active ingredients such as pamabrom or caffeine (3,7-dihydro-l,3,7-trimethyl-lH-purine-2,6-dione C8H4QN4O2). In 1955,... 

Perva-Uzunalic, A., Skerget, M., Knez, Z., Weinreich, B., Otto, F., and Gruner, S. 2006. Extraction of active ingredients from green tea (Camellia sinensis) Extraction efficiency of major catechins and caffeine. Food Chem. 96 597-605. 

Early on, Fischer discovered the active ingredients in coffee and tea, caffeine and theobromine. Eventually he discovered their structures and synthesized them in the laboratory. In work that he carried out between 1882 and 1906, Eischer demonstrated that adenine and guanine, along with some other compounds found in plants and animals, all belonged to one family of compounds. He called these the purines. All the purines have the same core structure and differ from one another by the functional groups attached to the ring. 

Ergotamine tartrate pills come in a variety of forms. The pill generally contains one or two mg of the active ingredient. Obviously, the latter are preferable for extraction. Pills which also contain caffeine should be avoided because they would make the extraction more compHcated. PiUs which contain the hydrogenated form of ergotamine, the dihydroergot pills, should never be extracted because they are valueless for producing LSD. 

The dominating active ingredients in the three plants are xanthine alkaloids caffeine, theobromine and theophylline (Fig. 2.36). Raw coffee contains 0.9-1.4% (Arabica) or 1.5-2.6% (Robusta) of caffeine. Tea leaves contain 3.2 % of caffeine, but the different preparation method results in about half as much caffeine in the drink compared to coffee. The main active ingredient of cocoa is theobromine, there is only 0.2% caffeine in it, but this small amount is still responsible for the stimulating effect. 

The active ingredient that makes tea and coffee valuable to humans is caffeine. Caffeine is an alkaloid, a class of naturally occurring compounds containing nitrogen and having the properties of an organic amine base (alkaline, hence, alkaloid). Tea and coffee are not the only plant sources of caffeine. Others include kola nuts, mate leaves, guarana seeds, and, in small amount, cocoa beans. The pure alkaloid was first isolated from coffee in 1821 by the French chemist Pierre Jean Robiquet. 

Design and execute an experimental procedure for testing over-the-counter analgesics such as Excedrin , Tylenol , and Advil for the presence of caffeine (3) and/or acetaminophen (4). A 50 50 (v v) mixture of ethanol and dichloromethane can be used to extract the active ingredients. 

The first was a 1986 paper by Ciurczak and Maldacker [29]. These investigators used NIR in the analysis of tablet formulation blends and examined three methods of data treatment spectral subtraction, spectral reconstruction, and discriminant analysis. Blends were prepared in which active ingredients (aspirin, butalbital, and caffeine) were either omitted from the formulation or varied over a concentration range of 90 to 110% of labeled strength. All samples were ground in a powder mill to ensure homogeneity, then scanned in a sample cup on a model 500C InfraAlyzer. 

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