Float, buoyant

There are various ways how this huge field strength could be used to produce a GRB. The fields in the vortex rolls (see Fig. 8 in Rosswog and Davies 2002) will wind up the magnetic field fastest. Once the field reaches a strength close to the local equipartition value it will become buoyant, float up, break through the surface and possibly reconnect in an ultra-relativistic blast (Kluzniak and Ruderman 1998). The time structure imprinted on the sequence of such blasts would then reflect the activity of the fluid instabilities inside the central object. The expected lightcurve of the GRB would therefore be an erratic sequence of sub-bursts with variations on millisecond time scales. 

A buoyant spherical particle of diameter D floating in a Hquid which has no tendency to wet, ie, pull the shoreline up, or to reject, ie, push the shoreline down, the soHd submerges to a depth d at which the downward force of gravity on the sphere equals the upward buoyancy force of the displaced Hquid. This occurs when... 

Float-Actuated Devices Float-actuated devices are characterized by a buoyant member that floats at the interface between two fluids. Since a significant force is usually required to move the indicating mechanism, float-actuated devices are generally limited to liqiiid-gas interfaces. By properly weighting the float, they can be used to measure hquid-liquid interfaces. Float-actuated devices may be classified on the basis of the method used to couple the float motion to the indicating system as discussed below. 

Head meters with density compensation. Head meters such as orifices, venturis, or nozzles can be used with one of a variety of densitometers [e.g., based on (a) buoyant force on a float, (b) hydrauhc couphug, (c) voltage output from a piezoelectric ciystal, or (d) radiation absolution]. The signal from the head meter, which is proportional to pV" (where p = fluid density aud V = fluid velocity), is multiphed by p given by the densitometer. The square root of the produc t is proportional to the mass flow rate. 

This is a unit operation process where air bubbles, as gas, are used to remove solid or liquid particles from the liquid wastewater. The air bubbles are often trapped in the morphology of the suspended particles and as a result of buoyant forces, the particles move up and float on the surface where they are skimmed out. The common flotation methods include dissolved air, air flotation, vacuum flotation, and chemical additives.3... 

As mentioned above, most oils are buoyant in water. However, in areas with high levels of suspended sediment, petroleum constituents may be transported to the river, lake, or ocean floor through the process of sedimentation. Oil may adsorb to sediments and sink or be ingested by zooplankton and excreted in fecal pellets that may settle to the bottom. Oil stranded on shorehnes also may pick up sediments, float with the tide, and then sink. Most of this process occurs from about 2 to 7 days after the spill. 

Fig. 6.28. Simple float switches (a) buoyant type (b) displacement type...

If a mixture of macromolecular species is also present in the solution, it will distribute itself in the centrifuge tube at r values where the density is right to make macromolecules of a certain mass buoyant, and more dense macromolecules sink while those less dense float. The result is that macromolecules of a certain mass, initially uniformly distributed throughout the cell before sedimentation, will concentrate at a point. Macromolecules of a different density will collect at another position. The consequence is the separation of a mixture of macromolecular solutes of different molecular weights into a series of bands at different r values. 

For any flow rate, the float is kept at a stationary position in the fluid by the drag and buoyant forces acting upwards and the gravitational force acting downward. The force balance is... 

The drag force across the float is defined as equal to the product of the drag coefficient, Co, the pressure drop across the float, pi - p2, and a characteristic area for the float, Ap. After substituting this definition and expressions for the gravitational and buoyant forces into Equation 8.19, the force balance becomes... 

The cork oak (Q. suber) is another commercially valuable species found throughout the Mediterranean region. The thick bark composed mostly of cork cells can be harvested every 10 years in early summer to provide sheets of soft, smooth cork useful in many ways. The cork cells capture air inside as they dry, making the material extremely resilient and buoyant. Cork has been used to manufacture floats, handles, stoppers, and as insulation, since it is a poor conductor of heat and sound. 

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