Bulk gases

Local average values of concentrations and partial pressures, rather chan point values, are also used in Che flux relations. However, in this case it is convenient to use interstitial local averages, based on the void volume rather than the total volume, since these are. ore closely related to the properties of bulk gases. 

Specialty Gases. The specialty gases are generally more reactive than the bulk gases and usually have low volume flow requirements in their appHcations. Historically, these have been deHvered almost exclusively in standard compressed gas cylinders. However, as the need for increased quantities has arisen, bulk specialty gas supply systems utilising larger ton-sized containers and tube trailers are being developed. 

Specialty Gases. The purity of specialty gases depends on the systems and procedures adopted by the distributors for bulk gas supply and cylinder preparation, filling, and deHvery. The distributors need to foUow strict cylinder selection, preparation, and filling procedures to ensure the quaHty of the products. Most of the precautions taken into consideration in the bulk gases deHvery system are also appHed for specialty gases to eliminate recontamination. 

The desorptive process may be analyzed before boiling. The key assumption is that the vapor and adsorbed phases are ia equiUbrium ia the bulk of the bed. This assumption eliminates iatraparticle resistances from further consideration and is reasonable for rotary kiln appHcations. The two remaining resistances are associated with hydrocarbon diffusion out of the bed and with convection from the bed surface to the bulk gases. The flux of species Fi from the desorbiag bed becomes... 

Bulk elastic modulus, of binary compound semiconductors, 22 145, 146-147t Bulk enzymes, from genetically engineered microbes, 22 480 Bulk erosion, 9 78 Bulk fluid velocity method, 16 688 Bulk gallium nitride, supercritical ammonia solution growth of, 14 96-97 Bulk gases... 

It is not difficult to propose and develop a model for the gaseous state of insoluble monolayers. The arguments parallel those developed in kinetic molecular theory for three-dimensional gases and lead to equally appealing results. The problem, however, is that many assumptions of the model are far less plausible for monolayers than for bulk gases. To see this, a brief review of the derivation seems necessary. 

We noted above that the applicability of Equation (14) to insoluble monolayers is severely restricted to very low values of tt. Figure 7.10 shows that the deviations from Equation (14) with increases in tt are very similar to what is observed for nonideal gases. Specifically, the positive deviations associated with excluded volume effects in bulk gases and the negative deviations associated with intermolecular attractions are observed. It is tempting to try to correct Equation (14) for these two causes of nonideality in a manner analogous to that used in the van der Waals equation ... 

The second type of interaction possible for adsorbed molecules is direct adsorbate-adsorbate interaction. Interactions of this sort are expected to lead to deviations from ideality in the two-dimensional phase just as they lead to deviations from ideal behavior for bulk gases. In this case surface equations of state, which are analogous to those applied to nonideal bulk gases, are suggested for the adsorbed molecules. The simplest of these allows for an excluded area correction (see Equation (7.23)) ... 

A brief review of the statistical thermodynamics of ideal (bulk) gases will help us get started. In addition to reviewing some relevant physical chemistry, it will supply us with some expres-... 

Argon [7440-37-1] -in magnesium manufacture [MAGNESIUM AND MAGNESIUM ALLOYS] (Vol 15) -as semiconductor bulk gases [HIGH PURITY GASES] (Supplement)... 

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