Brine conversion system

Toray has developed a new low-cost seawater desalination system called the Brine Conversion Two-Stage (BCS) system, as shown in Figure 1.6, which provides 60%... 

A direct organocatalytic Michael reaction of ketones or aldehydes with /3-nitrostyrene has been reported in brine solution, using a bifunctional catalyst system proline-derived diamine (70) and TFA.203 In some cases the conversion, yield, de, and ee all exceeded 95%. Results in water were poor, mainly due to polymerization, which is catalysed by amines. It is proposed that sodium cations stabilize the anionic intermediate formed from (70) and /3-nitrostyrene, thus minimizing polymer formation. While organic co-solvent is not required, an organic-rich phase is proposed to concentrate the Michael reactants and catalysts, thus accelerating the reaction. 

Searles Lake. Searles Lake is a large evaporite deposit about 78 km square and 46 rn deep. It contains a complex mixed salt system that includes trona along with potassium, boron, and other salts (23,24). North American Chemical Company recovers soda ash (1.0 x 10° t/yr) from the lake by carbonating and cooling the brine to crystallize sodium bicarbonate (25). The bicarbonate is filtered and calcined to light soda ash which is densified by conversion to the monohydrate followed by calcining. The procedure results in a dense ash with properties equivalent to Wyoming trona derived ash. 

Brine Dechlorination. Operation of the primary dechlorinator should be established next. It is not easily possible to simulate actual dechlorination. However, where vacuum dechlorination is used, it is important to establish that the vacuum and condenser systems operate properly. In the case of a conversion from mercury-cell technology, this may already be established. 

Therefore, a cmiversion between different fluid systems is possible by changing the interface properties a cos 0 and densities. Also a conversion from laboratory measurements to reservoir conditions is possible. Table 2.10 gives some data for different fluid systems. A detailed study about the oil-brine interfacial tension and influencing factors (salinity, pH, viscosity) was published by Buckley and Fan (2007). 

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