Brightness defined

Brightness defined as the quantum yield multiplied by the molar absorption... 

The spectral brillance (or brightness), defined as the number of photons per second within a 0.1 % band pass per mrad and mm, is equal to 3.3 x 10 . 

The HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value) model, also known as HSB (Hue, Saturation, Brightness), defines a color space in terms of three constituent components ... 

Figure 2 The brightness defined as photons/s/mm /mrad / 0.1% energy band pass for conventional and synchrotron X-ray sources. ESRF denotes the European Synchrotron Radiation source in Grenoble, France.

Brightness. This is defined as the power emitted per unit area of the output mirror per unit solid angle and is extremely high compared with that of a conventional source. The reason for this is that, although the power may be only modest, as in, for example, a 0.5 mW helium-neon gas laser, the solid angle over which it is distributed is very small. 

Optical Properties. Brightness, or visual whiteness of paper, can be defined as the degree to which light is reflected uniformly over the visible spectmm. Since pulp and typical impurities tend to be yellowish, blue dye is sometimes added in addition to appropriate fillers. The percentage reflectance is usually measured in the blue end of the spectmm at or near 457 nm (14). 

Pig. 11. Luminous performance vs peak emission wavelength for the best reported high brightness LEDs. Some high performance lighting sources are indicated. The numbers in parentheses correspond to the source wattage. Also shown is the (—) eye response curve (as defined by the Commission... 

The brightness and lifetime limits of a formulation are determined by its light capacity, in (Imh)/L, which is defined as the integral of luminous intensity I, in lumens, with respect to reaction time /in hours for one Hter of formulation (237) ... 

A defining characteristic of dyes is the abiUty to dissolve in a given medium. Dissolution leaves no particles to refract or scatter light and thus a dye solution is transparent. A distinct advantage of a soluble-type stain is this transparency and brightness afforded by use of various dye types. SolubiUty is increased by agitation or heat, or a combination of the two. 

Theaflavins. One of the more well-defined groups of flavonoid polymers that forms duriag black tea manufacturiag is that of the theaflavins (14). Exhibiting a bright orange-red color in solution, these are important contributors of brightness, a desirable visual attribute used by professional tasters to describe the appearance of tea infusions. 

Nearly all dye manufacturers use letters and numerals in the names of their products to define the hue. Thus B is blue G, yellow (gelb in German) or green R, red and Y, yellow. Numerals, ie, 2G (or GG), 3G, 4G, etc indicate, in this case, a successively yellower or greener shade. Occasionally, suffixed letters are used to feature other properties such as solubiHty, lightfastness, brightness, and use on synthetic fibers. 

Bleaching is defined as any process that chemically alters pulp to increase its brightness. Bleached pulps create papers that are whiter, brighter, softer, and more absorbent than unbleached pulps. Bleached pulps are used for white or light colored paper. Unbleached pulp is typically used to produce boxboard, linerboard, and grocery bags. Of the approximately 65.5 million T (72 million tons) of pulp (including recycled pulp) used in paper production in the U.S. in 2000, about 50% is for bleached pulp.1... 

In Eqs. (7)—(10), 5(A) is the spectral power distribution of the illuminant, and R A) is the spectral reflectance factor of the object. Jc(A), y(A), and 5(A) are the color-matching functions of the observer. In the usual practice, k is defined so that the tristimulus value, Y, for a perfect reflecting diffusor (the reference for R A)) equals 100. Using the functions proposed by the CIE in 1931, y(A) was made identical to the spectral photopic luminous efficiency function, and consequently its tristimulus value, Y, is a measure of the brightness of objects. The X and Z values describe aspects of color that permit identification with various spectral regions. 

There is a very bright future for these electronically well-defined NW building blocks both in fundamental science and in new nanotechnologies. Specifically, we believe that only the very edge of a broad range of ideas has been touched on and that many fascinating fundamental problems remain in these... 

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