Brachial cells

FIGURE 8.3 ABIS. The image of the forewing shows due to illumination from below nearly transparent cells enclosed by the venation. R, Ci, Cj, C3, B, D, and Dj depict the radial cell, up to three cubital cells, brachial cell and two discoidal cells, respectively. 

The variability can be accounted for largely by the diffusion barriers of the different fibre types and by Na+ channel density. For example, the presence of a Schwann cell and myelin sheath poses a considerable barrier to the diffusion of local anaesthetic to the interior of the cell. There is in vitro evidence to indicate that all desheathed nerves require a similar minimum concentration of local anaesthetic to induce block irrespective of fibre type. A consequence of the physical architecture of a mixed nerve is that access of the drug to the outer fibres is easier than access to fibres at the core. It is for this reason that the onset of proximal analgesia of the limb precedes distal analgesia with a brachial plexus block. 

Lymph nodes are pockets of lymph that orchestrate the removal of foreign material (including bacteria, viruses, and cancerous cells) from the lymph. They vary in size from microscopic to about 0.16 in (0.394 cm) in diameter. Some nodes cluster at key sites where the limbs join the torso. Lymph nodes are named after their locations in the body. The nodes at the arm are called axial and brachial, those under the jaw are called subclavian, and those in the groin are called inguinal. Fibrous connective tissue covers the lymphatic tissue inside the lymph node. 

FIGURE 20.24 Schwannoma of a peripheral nerve in the brachial plexus of a young man. (A) Type IV collagen-positive basement membranes surround each tumor cell in compact Antoni A tissue. Darker brown vessel in corner of figure has more collagen. (B) Nuclei and cytoplasm are abundantly immunoreactive for S-100 protein, but vessel in corner is not. 

Using the first protocol (frozen sections), samples have been fixed in paraformaldehyde since haptens used for production of the antibodies (i.e., anti-GABA and anti-5-HT) have been conjugated to BSA (carrier protein) via paraformaldehyde. Figure 1 Top shows a detail of the brachial lobe (part of the subesophageal mass) with cell bodies and fibers positive to 5-HT immunoreactivity. 

Fig. 1 Results of the immunohistochemistry protocols for localization of 5-HT and octopamine in the CNS of Octopus vulgaris. Top 5-HT-IR in the brachial lobe (subesophageal mass) several positive cells and fibers are visible. Bottom octo-pamine-IR cells and fibers in various districts of the octopus brain, (a) Optic lobe, (b) basal lobe (supraesophageal mass), (c) brachial lobe (subesophageal mass). Drawing exemplified circuitry of octopaminergic modulation...

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