Boyd Report

In 1966, Boyd reported the synthesis and properties of 2-(I-pyridinio)-benzimidazolate 55, a stable aza analogue of pyridinium cyclopentadienide 9 (66TL3369). With this, a novel type of heterocyclic mesomeric betaine was found. 

Boyd, G.J., et al., Final Report Phase 1 Systems Interaction Methodology Applications Program, April 1980... 

Signs of acute endosulfan intoxication similar to those reported in humans have been observed in animals. Also, cerebral congestion and edema is often observed at necropsy in animals that die following acute ingestion of endosulfan (Boyd and Dobos 1969 Boyd et al. 1970 Terziev et al. 1974). The severe... 

McInroy JF, Boyd HA, Eutsler BC, Romero D. 1985. The US Transuranium Registry report on the 241 Am content of a whole body. Part IV Preparation and analysis of the tissue and bones. Health Phys 49 587-621. 

Larsen HF, Helweg C, Pedersen AR, Boyd HB, Laursen SE, Hansen J (2000) Chemicals in textiles (report in Danish). Environmental Project No. 534. Danish Ministry of Environment. Environmental Protection Agency, Copenhagen... 

Krantzberg G, Boyd D. 1991. The biological significance of contaminants in sediment from Haniilton Harbor Lake Ontario Canada. In Chapman P, Bishay F, Power E, et al., eds. Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Aquatic Toxicity Workshop, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, November 5-7, 1990. Vancouver, British Columbia Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1(1774) 847-884. 

These vibrations also occur, albeit with diminished amplitude, at lower temperatures (93 °K). According to Trueblood et al.6> the angle of torsion is 6°. The structural data obtained by these authors are listed in Table 1 together with those reported by Lonsdale and Brown the values calculated by Boyd are included for comparison. 

Quensen JFI, Zwiernik MJ, Boyd SA, Tiedje JM (1993) In Abramowicz D, Hamilton S (eds) Twelfth Progress Report for the Research and Development Program for the Destruction of PCBs. General Electric Company Corporate Research and Development, Schenectady, NY, p 117... 

Three MM programs are reported to be able to handle metal chelates (Table 10). Those originating from Boyd s force field do not consider nonbonded interactions beyond 1.2 times the sum of the van der Waals radii (218-221). Rasmussen s version of CFF is much more sophisticated (33,222). However, none of them explicitly considers induced bond dipoles in chelate ions that contain a number of highly polar bonds. This is probably why the previous calculations of metal chelates only compare closely related isomeric structures having the same metal ion. 

Chemical/Physical. Begins to polymerize at 80.2 °C (Weast, 1986). Slowly hydrolyzes in water forming methyl alcohol and acrylic acid (Morrison and Boyd, 1971). Based on a hydrolysis rate constant of 0.0779/M-h at pH 9 at 25 °C, an estimated half-life of 2.8 yr at pH 7 was reported (Roy, 1972). The reported rate constant for the reaction of methacrylonitrile with ozone in the gas phase is 2.91 x lO cm moFsec (Munshi et al, 1989a). 

Photolytic. Reported photooxidation products via OH radicals include formyl chloride, carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, and phosgene (Spence et al., 1976). In the presence of water, formyl chloride hydrolyzes to HCl and carbon monoxide, whereas phosgene hydrolyzes to hydrogen chloride and carbon monoxide (Morrison and Boyd, 1971). 

Photolytic. Under smog conditions, indirect photolysis via OH radicals yielded phosgene, di-chloroacetyl chloride, and formyl chloride (Howard, 1990). These compounds are readily hydrolyzed to HCl, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and dichloroacetic acid (Morrison and Boyd, 1971). Dichloroacetic acid and hydrogen chloride were reported to be aqueous photodecomposition products (Dilling et al., 1975). Reported rate constants for the reaction of trichloroethylene and OH radicals in the atmosphere 1.2 x 10 cm /molecule-sec at 300 K... 

Photolytic. Irradiation of vinyl chloride in the presence of nitrogen dioxide for 160 min produced formic acid, HCl, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, ozone, and trace amounts of formyl chloride and nitric acid. In the presence of ozone, however, vinyl chloride photooxidized to carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, formic acid, and small amounts of HCl (Gay et al, 1976). Reported photooxidation products in the troposphere include hydrogen chloride and/or formyl chloride (U.S. EPA, 1985). In the presence of moisture, formyl chloride will decompose to carbon monoxide and HCl (Morrison and Boyd, 1971). Vinyl chloride reacts rapidly with OH radicals in the atmosphere. Based on a reaction rate of 6.6 x lO" cmVmolecule-sec, the estimated half-life for this reaction at 299 K is 1.5 d (Perry et al., 1977). Vinyl chloride reacts also with ozone and NO3 in the gas-phase. Sanhueza et al. (1976) reported a rate constant of 6.5 x 10 cmVmolecule-sec for the reaction with OH radicals in air at 295 K. Atkinson et al. (1988) reported a rate constant of 4.45 X 10cmVmolecule-sec for the reaction with NO3 radicals in air at 298 K. 

Bioavailability from Environmental Media. No information on the presence of 3,3 -dichloro-benzidine in foods was located in the available literature. The Canadian Government s Priority Substances List Assessment Report for 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine (Government of Canada 1993) also reports that no data on the levels of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine in drinking water or foodstuffs were identified within either Canada or the United States. Because 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine has been found to bind strongly to soil constituents (Berry and Boyd 1985 Chung and Boyd 1987), Law (1995) concluded that it would also bind strongly to sedimentary material in the marine aquatic environment and thus may have limited bioavailability. 

Physical and Chemical Properties. The physical and chemical property data available for 2-hexanone are sufficient to allow a limited estimation of the potential environmental fate of this chemical. The estimated Henry s law constant (Mabey et al. 1982) and K°c (Hassett et al. 1983) need to be verified experimentally to help confirm the estimates of partitioning in environmental media. Since there does not seem to be a consensus on the solubility of 2-hexanone in water (reported values range from about 20-35 g/L) (Morrison and Boyd 1974 Verschueren 1983), additional measurements would be useful to more accurately predict the environmental fate of this compound. 

In 1980, Rama Rao et al. isolated mahanimbinol (56) from the stem wood of M. koenigii (84). Fourteen years later, Reisch et al. reported the isolation of the same natural product from the same natural source and named it mahanimbilol (83). In 2001, Boyd et al. also reported the isolation of mahanimbilol from the organic extract of M. siamensis (85). 

In 2000, Boyd et al. reported for the first time an anti-HIV active carbazole alkaloid, siamenol (89) (see Scheme 2.17). This prenylated carbazole alkaloid inhibited HIV-1 induced cytopathic inhibitor activity in an XTT-tetrazolium assay with EC50 2.6 pg/mL (85,449). Recently, Kongkathip et al. reported anti-HIV-1 activity for O-methylmukonal (glycosinine) (38) (see Scheme 2.9), 7-methoxy-O-methylmu-konal (2,7-dimethoxy-3-formylcarbazole) (48) (see Scheme 2.10), and clausine K (clausazoline-J) (51). These studies showed strong anti-HIV-1 activity for... 

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