Bone-tissue regeneration processing

Cieslik, M., Mertas, A., Morawska-Chochol, A., Sabat, D., Orlicki, R., Owczarek, A., Krol, W., Cieslik, T., 2009. The evaluation of the possibilities of using PLGA co-polymer and its composites with carbon fibers or hydroxyapatite in the bone tissue regeneration process - in vitro and in vivo examinations. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 10, 3224-3234. 

Another important biodegradable polymer is the thermoplastic polycaprolactone (PCL), which is FDA approved for drug delivery, sutures, and several implants especially for bone tissue regeneration [21]. PCL is usually shipped in granules and can be processed into films and nanofibers or shaped and plotted under heat exposure due to its low melting point at around 60° C. 

Nanocomposites for bone-tissue regeneration properties and processing... 

Bone tissue also contains osteoclasts, which are multinucleated cells that are derived from the hematopoietic (granulocyte-monocyte) cell line located in bone marrow. Osteoclasts are primarily responsible for bone resorption and they secrete enzymes and hydrochloric acid that break down collagen matrix and help dissolve the bone. The area where osteoclast cell membrane lies adjacent to bony tissue is known as a Howship s lacunae. The osteoclast cell membrane that lies in close proximity to bone can contain numerous villous extensions and form a ruffled border. These areas are also known as resorption pits. The plasmalemma border of the osteoclast cell in this region forms a specialized seal with the underlying bone to prevent the release of enzymes and hydrochloric acid. This process also results in the release of growth factors previously deposited in bone by osteoblasts, which are responsible for maintaining the process of regenerating new bone. 

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