Bone Physiology

At the microscopic level, bone consists of two structures woven and lamellar (Fig. la). Woven bone (with an average mineral grain size of 10 to 50 nm) is the immature, or primitive, form of bone and is normally found in the metaphyseal region of growing bone as well as in fracture callus (Kaplan et al., 1994 Park and Lakes, 1992). Woven bone is coarse-fibered and 

Mechanical Properties of Cortical Bone in Tension, Compression, and Torsion  

Bone type Horses Cattle Pigs Humans (20-39 years) 

The other microarchitectural form of bone, lamellar bone, actively replaces maturing woven bone and, consequently, contains up to 100 times more mineralized matrix or hydroxyapatite these hydroxyapatite crystals 

---

Largely through the application of these new techniques some basic concepts of bone physiology and metabolism are beginning to be appreciated. Normal human bone undergoes four distinct processes growth, modeling,... 

Tiffit, J.T., 1980. The organic matrix of bone tissue. In Urist, M.R. (Ed.), Fundamental and Clinical Bone Physiology. JB Lippincot Co., Philadelphia. 

Taking into accormt what is already known on bone physiology, and particularly, bone mechanotransduction, developing materials for bone regeneration that are able to respect bone electrophysiology seems like a logieal move towards better clinical results whenever treatment of bone defeets is being eonsidered. 

Published studies on Pb in human bone PB-PK modeling of human bone physiology versus Pb deposition-resorption Bone Pb loss occurs via resorption and some diffusion O Flaherty (1993, 1995, 1998)... 

Narducci, R Bareggi, R. Nicohn V. 2009. Receptor activator for nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) as an osteoimmune key regulator in bone physiology and pathology. Acta Histochem. 113 73-81. 

Chemicals that are taken up into the bloodstream are distributed into various physiological compartments of the body. Examples of physiological compartments are water, fat, and bone. Physiological compartments do not refer to specific organs or anatomical structures. Rather, they are based on the physical-chemical characteristics of tissues, regardless of where in the body the tissues are located. Thus, the fat compartment refers to all fatty tissues everywhere in the body, the water compartment refers to the many parts of the body made up of water, and the bone compartment refers to all bones. A chemical s distribution into physiological compartments... 

Bone is a heterogeneous, anisotropic and hierarchical composite with different structural arrangements at many scales (Liu and Webster, 2007b Weiner and Traub, 1992 Rho et al 1998). Each scale has unique structural units and chemical composition. The understanding of bone physiological structure and composition is indispensable for designing biomaterials, implants and devices. 

---