Bone mechanics

Cowin SC. Mechanics of materials. In Bone Mechanics. Cowin SC, ed. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press 1989 Chapter 2,15-42. 

Hsieh Y-F, Silva MJ. In vivo fatigue loading of the rat ulna induces both bone formation and resorption and leads to time-related changes in bone mechanical properties and density. J Orthop Res. 2002 20 764-771. 

Cowin S.C. 1989. Bone Mechanics. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press. 

The 1984 CRCvolume, Natural and Living Biomaterials HastingsG.W. andDucheyne P,Eds.) provides a good historical introduction to the field. A recent more advanced book is Bone Mechanics Handbook (Cowin S.C., Ed. 2001), the 2nd ed. of Bone Mechanics (Cowin S.C., Ed. 1989). 

The distinction between cortical and trabecular bone is most easily made based on porosity. Cortical bone can be defined as bone tissue that has a porosity P of less than about 30 percent or, equivalently, a volume fraction Vf of greater than about 0.70 (V = 1 — P). Volume fraction is the ratio of the volume of actual bone tissue to the bulk volume of the specimen. In the field of bone mechanics, porosity measures usually ignore the presence of lacunae and canaliculi. Porosity of adult... 

FIGURE 8.7 Reductions of human cortical bone mechanical properties with age. (a) Modulus is not reduced much, if at all, whereas strength is reduced more, at a rate of about 2 percent per decade. (From Ref. 25.) (b) Ultimate strain decreases markedly with age, at a rate of about 10 percent of its young value per decade. (From Ref. 10.)... 

Cowin, S. C. (1989), Bone Mechanics, CnC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. 

Cowin, S.C. (ed.)(1989) Bone Mechanics Boca Raton CRC Press. 

Recovery of this meat would therefore impart a considerable saving to the meat industry, as well as providing a relatively cheap meat ingredient for product manufacture. A variety of methods have been employed to recover the meat adhering to bones. Mechanical deboning is carried out in the poultry industry. In the red meat industry, however, the size and shape of the bones restricts the use of these techniques. 

Gibson LJ. The mechanical behaviour of cancellous bone. J Biomech 1985 18(5) 317-28. Cowin, S.C., Bone mechanics. 1989 CRC. 

Bone Mechanical Stimulation with Piezoelectric Materials... 

The work here summarized explores in vitro and in vivo use of a piezoelectric polymer for bone mechanical stimulation. 

Piezoelectric Materials for Bone Mechanical Stimulation-the in vivo Study... 

The use of piezoelectric material based actuators to produce bone mechanical stimulation seems promising in theory and the present in vitro and in vivo studies were a first step towards the validation of the eoneept. 

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