Bonding oxidation states

At energies above the edge, core electrons are excited to continuum states, and the spectrum becomes dominated by scattering phenomena, similarly as in EXAFS. Flence, in a qualitative sense, the shape of the XANES spectrum depends straightforwardly on the states that are available to the excited electron. These depend on several factors, such as the coordination of the atom (octahedral, tetrahedral, etc.), its mode of bonding, oxidation state, the density of states in the electron band, etc., which give XANES its great chemical sensitivity. 

Chemical bonding Oxidation state Orbital hybridization Local order Crystalline structure See generic studies ... 

Oxygen bonds covalently to many non-metals, and in many oxides, both with metals and non-metals, the other element achieves a high oxidation state, for example... 

When an element has more than one oxidation state the lower halides tend to be ionic whilst the higher ones are covalent—the anhydrous chlorides of lead are a good example, for whilst leadfll) chloride, PbCl2, is a white non-volatile solid, soluble in water without hydrolysis, leadflV) chloride, PbC, is a liquid at room temperature (p. 200) and is immediately hydrolysed. This change of bonding with oxidation state follows from the rules given on p.49... 

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