Bond instrument definition

Chapter 4 provides a comprehensive discussion of duration. Duration is the change in the price of a bond as a result of a very small shift in its yield. In other words, duration measures the sensitivity of the price of a bond to changes in its yield. An increasingly common measure of duration is effective duration, which is the measure of price sensitivity due to a small parallel shift in the spot curve. One would immediately realise that these two definitions of duration would give identical results for zero-coupon bonds and different results for most other instruments. 

P. Thurnherr, Electrical installations design, selection, erection and inspection, in lECEx International Conference Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2014-L.C. Towle, A Definitive Guide to Earthing and Bonding in Hazardous Areas, The MTL Instruments Group Pic, May 1997. TP1121—1. 

The NIR spectrum contains information about the major X—H chemical bonds in an agricultural product. The spectrum by definition is dependent on all the functional groups that absorb NIR radiation, which in turn are correlated to the major chemical, physical, and/or sensory components of a substance. The spectrum also contains all of the information due to light interaction with the sample as well as instrumental artifacts, and data collection and computational errors. 

All these plethoric works have been in particular instrumental in the advent of the retained definition of the halogen bond by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (TUPAC) A halogen bond occurs when there is evidence of a net attractive interaction between an electrophilic region associated with a halogen atom in a molecular entity and a nucleophilic region in another, or the same, molecular entity [1]. 

Electricity interacts with matter because electrons are part of matter and form the chemical bonds. When electrons are transferred from one molecule to the other we call it a redox reaction. Since electric current is the movement of electrons, micro electric currents then exist in the solution where redox reactions take place. If all these micro-currents were made to flow in one direction we should be able to measure them as one macro electric current. Batteries (which are also called galvanic cells or voltaic piles ) are devices which do exactly this they produce electric current by making redox reactions take place at electrodes, i.e. at the metal solution boundary. The metal can be either the source or the sink for electrons. Thus electric current is made to flow from the metal into the solution or from the solution into the metal. Can one do the reverse Can one induce redox reactions by passing through the solution current from a source The answer is definitely yes . The instrument by which such changes are produced is an electrolytic cell . A simple cell can be constructed from two pieces of dissimilar metals dipping into a solution of some electrolyte in a beaker. The metal pieces are now the electrodes. This book is concerned with chemical reactions produced by electric current or electric current produced by chemical reactions at electrodes. It is concerned with redox reactions in cells. 

Vibrational spectroscopy (particularly infrared) has found wide application in the characterisation of supported metal carbonyl clusters. Such studies have been facilitated by the advent of high-sensitivity Fourier transform instrumentation. However, the information provided should be used with caution — the behaviour of carbonyl stretching vibrations need not necessarily correlate in any definite or specific manner with the presence or absence of metal-metal bonding in a supported organometallic carbonyl species. 

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