Boiling refrigerant

In the shell-and-tube type, the liquid is usually in the pipes and the shell is some three-quarters full of the liquid, boiling refrigerant. A number of tubes is omitted at the top of the shell to give space for the suction gas to escape clear of the surface without entraining... 

Lee et al. (2003) tested the effects of boiling, refrigeration, and micro-wave heating on ground flaxseed macaroni quality. Boiled macaroni and boiled-refrigerated-microwave-heated macaroni exhibited similar appearance attributes. Cooked firmness values were highest with boiled macaroni,... 

Lee, R.E., Manthey, F.A., and Hall, C.A., III 2003. Effects of boiling, refrigerating, and microwave heating on cooked quality and stability of lipids in macaroni containing ground flaxseed. Cereal Chem. 80, 570-574. 

Condensing Boiling Refrigerants (vapor condensing and liquid cooling)... 

Under normal conditions of temperature and pressure, carbonyl bromide fluoride is a gas. Although colourless in both the gaseous and condensed states, it has been noted to develop a red-brown appearance within a few weeks when stored at room temperature (20 C), and storage in quartz ampoules cooled in low-boiling refrigerants (or in pressurized stainless steel cylinders) is recommended [1195]. Despite the observation of this... 

FIGURE 15.84 Comparison of heat transfer coefficient for boiling refrigerant 113 on smooth and enhanced surfaces in vertical upward flow over a tube bundle (from Jensen et al. [218], with permission from Taylor Francis, Washington DC. All rights reserved). 

Bandel, J. Schlunder, E. U. Pressure drop and heat transfer by vaporization of boiling refrigerants in a horizontal pipe, Int. Symp. Recent Developments in Heat Exchangers, Trogir (1972)... 

Using the CHEMCAD simulator, the dew-point temperature for 99 mol% ethylene and 1 mol% ethane at 200 psia is —42"F. Assuming a minimum approach temperature of 5°F and a boiling refrigerant, the refrigerant temperature is -47 F. From Table 13.1, a suitable refiigerant is propylene, but ethylene, which is available at 99 mol% purity in the plant, is also a possibility, with a boding pressure of 185 psia. 

Roughly half the world s chlorine is liquefied for sale or transfer to another process. Liquefaction usually involves condensation against a boiling refrigerant, in which case a mechanical refrigeration plant is required. The liquefied chlorine is stored in some quantity and is then transferred to its client process or loaded for shipment. Section 9.1.7 covers liquefaction and Section 9.1.8 the storage and handling of the liquid. 

R. Gronnerud, Investigation of liquid holdup, flow-resistance and heat transfer in circulation type evaporators. Part IV two-phase flow resistance in boiling refrigerants. Annexe 1972-1, Bull. Inst. Froid. 1979. 

Three problems are common in boiling refrigerant systems ... 

FIG. C-41 Fatty chemical crystallizer with both brine and boiling refrigerant cooling. (Source Armstrong Engineering Associates.)... 

The method of cooling can be either direct jacket side boiling refrigerant or brine cooling, depending on the temperature requirements. 

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