Body composition saliva

Forensic biochemists perform blood typing and enzyme tests on body fluids in cases involving assault, and also in paternity cases. Even tiny samples of blood, saliva, or semen may be separated by electrophoresis and subjected to enzymatic analysis. In the case of rape, traces of semen found on clothing or on the person become important evidence the composition of semen varies from person to person. Some individuals excrete enzymes such as acid phosphatase and other proteins that are seldom found outside seminal fluid, and these chemical substances are characteristic of their semen samples. The presence of semen may be shown by the microscopic analysis for the presence of spermatozoa or by a positive test for prostate specific antigen. 

In clinical analysis the samples of interest (e.g. body fluids such as blood, urine, saliva etc.) should remain in their natural composition, i.e., almost always in aqueous solution. Therefore, because of the strong absorption of water in that region, analysis in the infrared is more or less impossible. Thus it is of considerable interest to study the applicability of ATR-techniques in the visible region ( 7,28). 

Composition of body fluids Electrochemical sensors, colorimetric pH fabric Composition of sweat, saliva, urine Fluidic sampling system necessary... 

Body fluids are complicated mixtures whose inorganic electrolyte composition in plasma and muscle cells is normally fairly constant, but which may show considerable variations in gastric and pancreatic juices, sweat, saliva and urine. Ion-selective electrodes are the only devices capable of measuring the important normal ions and dissolved gases in fluids and they have proved particularly useful for medical, biochemical and physiological investigations of calcium, potassium, sodium, ammonium, chloride and fluoride. To a lesser extent, the electrodes have been used for bromide, iodide, lead, carbon dioxide, enzymes, proteins and in metal—nucleotide systems. 

Other body fluids such as saliva or milk are also sometimes analyzed. Saliva contains approximately 0.3% protein (mostly enzymes), 0.3% mucin, and some salts. It can often be analyzed directly, without sample preparation or extraction. Human milk contains mainly proteins (3%), lipids (3%), and carbohydrates (mainly lactose, 6.8%). Lipids are suspended in the form of droplets, so homogeneity of the studied sample must be ensured. From the third week from the start of lactation, composition of human milk is quite constant, but that of the initially secreted colostrum is significantly different. Milk samples are commonly used for the trace analysis of pesticides, heavy metals, antibiotics, and some drugs. 

---