Bockris, Devanathan, and Muller

We can think of two limiting conditions on the relation between the charge on the electrode and the orientation of the dipoles relative to the surface of the metal (Bockris, Devanathan, and Muller, 1963). One limiting condition arises on an electrode that has... 

Figure 2.13 Model of the electrode-solution interphase as described by Bockris, Devanathan, and Muller [J. O M. Bockris and A. K. N. Reddy, Modem Electrochemistry, Vol. 2, Chap. 7, Plenum, New York, 1970.]...

The Bockris, Devanathan, and Muller model16 recognizes this situation and shows the predominance of solvent molecules near the interface (Fig. 3.9). The solvent dipoles are oriented according to the electrode charge where they form a layer together with the specifically adsorbed ions. 

The Grahame model was further developed by Bockris, Devanathan, and Muller (1963) who took into consideration the fact that the polar molecules of the solvent (e.g., water) may also be adsorbed on the solid surface (Figure 1.9). 

Bockris, Devanathan and Muller counter electrode dropping mercury electrode electrochemical impedance spectroscopy eleclric-lo-clectric (efficiency) faradaic efficiency... 

The isotherm derived by Bockris, Devanathan, and Muller (BDM) is centered around the role of the water in the interphase. 

The importance of the dipolar nature of the solvent and of the interactions between solvent and electrode were recognized in the double layer model by Bockris, Devanathan and Muller [9], Water hydrates the electrode, which is regarded as a giant ion, and so contributes to the electric fields near the interface. Starting with the work of Damaskin and Frumkin [10] the differences between sp and transition metals were described by a series of chemical models. More details on double layer models can be found, e.g., in Refs. 2, 11, 12. 

Bockris, Devanathan and Muller (B.D.M.) in 1963 modified the Langmuir isotherm to take into account the dependence of the Langmuir constant (equation 20.19) on potential and coverage. The B.D.M. isotherm allows for the interaction of the adsorbed ions, which are assumed to be confined to the... 

A more elaborate theory of orientation effects was developed by Watts-Tobin and Mott and applied by Bockris, Devanathan, and Muller and Bockris and Habibto the calculation of isotherms for adsorption of organic substances. Solvent molecules were regarded as being present in the double layer in two orientations, up or down (cf. theories of ferromagnetism) at respective surface coverages of N or N[. The sum iVf + is equal to the total coverage of the electrode by solvent molecules. 

The Water-Replacement Model of Bockris, Devanathan and Muller... 

Bockris-Devanathan-Muller, 1963] J. O M. Bockris, M. A. V. Devanathan and K Muller, Proc. Royal Soc., London Ser., A274,55(1963). 

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