Blue and red phases

The so-called blue and red phases of polydiacetylenes have been extensively investigated. Thus, for example, Tomioka et al. [214] studied the... 

FIGURE 17. Three-level models for poly(C4UC4) in blue and red phases. Reproduced by permission of Elsevier Sequoia... 

Figure 11 (Left) Scheme of the polymerized bilayer assembly. The blue phase polydiyacetylene chromatic detection element is deposited over a support monolayer. The polydiacetylene chain Is asymmetrically substituted with urethane side groups partially terminated with receptor-binding ligands. (Right) Absorption spectrum of the blue and red phase PDA with a schematic representation of their chain with (red phase) and without (blue phase) influenza virus attached. Adapted figures with permission from D.H. Charych, J.O. Nagy, W. Spevak, and M.D. Bednarski, Sc/ence 261, 585 (1993), Figure 2 and 3. Copyright 1993 AAAS.

Figure 77. Temperature dependence of the xT product of the three solid-state phases of [Co(tmphen)2]3[Fe(CN)s]2 red crystals, blue, and red solids (H=1000 G). [Adapted from (175, 176).]...

Point A on the phase diagram of water—the point where the yellow, blue, and red curves meet—is the triple point for water. The triple point is the point on a phase diagram that represents the temperature and pressure at which three phases of a substance can coexist. AU six phase changes can occur at the triple point freezing and melting evaporation and condensation sublimation and deposition. Point B is called the critical point. This point indicates the critical pressure and critical temperature above which water cannot exist as a liquid. If water vapor is at the critical temperature, an increase in pressure will not change the vapor into a liquid. 

For obtaining and studying the phase-angle dependence of linear polarization for comets, we used our own homogeneous data sets received with narrowband filters [31,34-40]. Only comet C/1982 Ml (Austin) was observed through the wideband V filter. These data were supplemented with data for comets C/1982 Ml (Austin), 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko [41], C/1989 XI (Austin) [42-45], C/1983 HI (IRAS-Araki-Alcock) [46], and IP/Halley [47]. All data for the blue and red domains of the continuum spectra are shown on the left and right panels in Fig. 1(a). Most measurements of polarization were made for the whole coma (several... 

Parameters P n and slope AP/Aa at the inversion angle ainv = 2 ° show a tendency to increase slightly in the visible domain for dust-rich comets. This result was obtained by comparison of trigonometric fits for the phase-angle dependence of polarization for dust-rich comets in the blue and red domain [40]. This tendency was recently confirmed by observations of comet C/2000 WMl (LINEAR) [77]. It should be noted that the negative polarization branch of comet... 

Fig. 1. Probes are indicated with quencher molecules in diamonds and reporter fluorophores as either red or blue symbols. Probe differences are indicated by striped boxes and are allele specific. The differences can be as small as a single nucleotide polymorphism. During annealing phase, probes hybridize to their specific sequences, while during the extension phase, the Taq polymerase displaces the probe and digests it releasing the reporter. In this example, samples of DNA that are homozygous for allele 1 (Al-1) would yield blue fluorescence only. DNA samples that are homozygous for allele 2 (Al-2) would yield red fluorescence only while heterozygotes would yield both blue and red fluorescence.

The matrix is also called the majority phase, because it takes up about 63-66% of the volume in DG morphologies formed by diblock polymers, and accordingly the networks together are called the minority phase. An unit cell with cubic symmetry laid showing the matrix phase together with the two minority networks is presented in Fig. 2.3a. To illustrate that the two distinct intertwined networks are non-intersecting, an arrangement of four unit cells with the matrix phase removed and the two networks colored blue and red is shown in Fig. 2.3b. 

Fig. 2.3 a The double-gyroid cubic unit cell showing the matrix phase green) and the two networks blue and red), b Four cubic unit cells of the double-gyroid network with a volume fraction of 12 % t = 1.3)... 

Hus procedure can also be used when the phase and moduladon values do not di lay constant values on the blue and red sides of die emisaon. In this case one obtains apparent spec whose molecular significance can only be understood with additional infcvination about the sample. ... 

Figure 2.16 Models of the gyroid phase, (a) A constant thickness gyroid model surface, (b] A model for the cubic G phase block copolymer phase unit cell. The matrix phase is removed and the two network phases colored blue and red.

FIGURE 1.25 (a) A wedge-dashed wedge formula for the sigma bonds in ethene and a schematic depiction of the overlapping of adjacent p orbitals that form the tt bond, (b) A calculated structure for ethene. The blue and red colors indicate opposite phase signs in each lobe of the tt molecular orbital. A ball-and-stick model for the o- bonds in ethene can be seen through the mesh that indicates the ir bond. 

Figure 22.30 (a) Schematic design and functional principle ofthe microfluidic device used by Nisisako et al. [39] to form double emulsions exemplified for oil droplets containing blue and red colored water droplets inside dispersed in water, (b) Photograph showing the dispersion of the oil phase with the water droplets inside the external aqueous phase, (c) Photograph ofthe formed double emulsion. The scale bars are lOOpm (b) and 50 Xm (c) [39]. 

Figure 3. These images represent the types of structural and chemical information that can be obtained using the OCM-CFM dual-mode technique (a,), CARS (b.f and immersive visualization (cf The OCM-CFM images (a) are of fetal chick osteoblasts cultured on porous polycaprolactone scaffolds. Differences in pore size and crystalline regions of the polymer could be determinied at 145 pm from the surface. Figure b is a broadband CARS micrograph of a phase-separated ternary polymer blend. The colors green, blue, and red represent polystyrene, poly(ethylene terphthalate) and poly(methyl methacrylate), respectively. Figure c is a 3D respresentation of cells on polycaprolactone scaffold taken from the immersive visualization laboratory. This visual image provides additional information on cell shape, orientation, and position within the scaffold.

The presence of long aliphatic chains, necessary to form the LB mono-layers, dilutes the effective concentration of the polymer backbones that give rise to the nlo effects. Thus, although the side-groups do not contribute to the molecular nonlinearity, their influence over conformation (blue versus red) phases and packing density can have profound effects on the macroscopic nonlinearity. 

For S, only 3p orbitals are shown. The phases of the lobes of the sulfur 3p orbitals are shown in blue and red for positive and negative, respectively. The choice of which lobe is positive is arbitrary. Flowever, once this choice is made, the other lobe is necessarily negative. Bond formation can be represented diagrammatically by the overlap of orbitals that are in phase (same color), although the hydrogen Is orbital is colored yellow here, not blue, for clarity. 

Other detection methods are based on optical transmittance [228-231], Alcohol sulfates have been determined by spectrophotometric titration with barium chloride in aqueous acetone at pH 3 and an indicator [232] or by titration with Septonex (carbethoxypentadecyltrimethylammonium bromide) and neutral red as indicator at pH 8.2-8.4 and 540 nm [233]. In a modified two-phase back-titration method, the anionic surfactant solution is treated with hyamine solution, methylene blue, and chloroform and then titrated with standard sodium dodecyl sulfate. The chloroform passing through a porous PTFE membrane is circulated through a spectrometer and the surfactant is analyzed by determining the absorbance at 655 nm [234]. The use of a stirred titration vessel combined with spectrophotometric measurement has also been suggested [235]. Alternative endpoint detections are based on physical methods, such as stalag-mometry [236] and nonfaradaic potentiometry [237]. 

FIGURE 4.4 Example of 2D separations of five homologous series having (a) constant phase (red vector in inset) and uncorrelated frequencies and (b) constant frequency (blue vector in inset) and uncorrelated phases. (See color plate.)... 

---