Blood pressure Hypotension

Signs and Symptoms Depend on the site of infection. Infection may produce osteomyelitis or arthritis pneumonia [with chills, productive cough, low blood pressure (hypotension), difficulty breathing (dyspnea), or chest pain] meningitis or cerebral abscesses (with headache, fever, vomiting, stupor, coma) or intra-abdominal infections (with biliary drainage, hepatic abscess, pancreatic abscess, peritoneal exudate). 

Reabsorption of water is a fundamental function of the kidney because loss of fluid volume and reduction in blood pressure (hypotension) would have devastating consequences on all other tissues, possibly leading to severe metabolic disruption or even death. Blood pressure is monitored by the kidney and regulated by secretion of a proteolytic enzyme called renin, which initiates a cascade involving angiotensin and aldosterone to restore blood volume. 

Codeine-containing medications are most often taken orally, either in tablet form or as syrup (also called elixir ). Codeine may also be given by intramuscular (IM) injection. Intravenous codeine administration is not used because of the risk of causing dangerously low blood pressure (hypotension). Codeine suppositories are given rectally, but usually only in infants and children who have had surgery. 

During the first half of the century, there was virtually an exclusive reliance on animal testing as the primary model for drug discovery and development. New chemical entities were administered to rodents in the primary screen assay, and the appropriate responses were monitored for indications of therapeutic potential. Compounds meeting the appropriate potency and efficacy criteria were promoted to more diverse and sophisticated animal models to characterize their pharmacological profile. The responses that were monitored included blood pressure (hypotensives), latency to respond to painful stimuli (analgesics), attenuation of seizure propensity (antiepileptics) and other responses that were intuitively and pharmacologically valid indicators of medicinal potential or toxicity. Some of these methods were semiautomated and quite sophisticated for their time, particularly for cardiovascular indications [1]. 

Blood pressure is also regulated via the hormonal feedback loop shown in Figure II-1-3. The system is affected only by decreases in mean blood pressure (hypotension), which result in decreased renal blood flow. Decreased renal pressure causes the release of renin, which promotes formation of the angiotensins. Angiotensin II increases aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex, which, via its mineralocorticoid actions to retain sodium and water, increases blood volume. Increased venous return results in an increase in cardiac output. Angiotensin II also causes vasoconstriction, resulting in an increase in TPR. 

The system is affected only by decreases in mean blood pressure (hypotension), which result in decreased renal blood flow. 

Colourless syrup. Very hygroscopic. Reacts alkaline. Intrajejunal administoations of large doses in anaesthetised dogs causcjs variations of blood pressure, hypotension, tachy. cardia, and bradycardia. The acetyl derivs. axe more suitable than acetylcholine. Compound... 

---