Blood, discrete particle model

Dzwinel, W., Boryczko, K., and Yuen D.A., A discrete-particle model of blood dynamics in capillary... 

We model the blood flowing in capillary vessel of diameter 10-13 p.m and about 100 p.m length. We assume that the system modeled consists of a fragment of capillary and blood components such as plasma, RBC, and fibrinogen. As shown in Figure 26.32 and Figure 26.33, all of them can be constmcted of discrete-particles. We defined two types of particles ... 

Our discrete-particle approach possesses the important properties of mesoscopic systems. It can model easily the heterogeneous nature of complex fluid suspension in the presence of fluctuations. This allows for simulating processes, which cannot be modeled by computational fluid dynamics codes. We showed that our microscopic blood model can be used for simulating microscopic, multi-component blood flow under extreme conditions in presence of high acceleration [100]. 

The flow of many red blood cells in wider capillaries has also been investigated by several simulation techniques. Discrete fluid-particle simulations - an extension of DPD - in combination with bulk-elastic discocyte cells (in contrast to the membrane elasticity of real red blood cells) have been employed to investigate the dynamical clustering of red blood cells in capillary vessels [223,224], An immersed finite-element model - a combination of the immersed boundary method for the solvent hydrodynamics [225] and a finite-element method to describe the membrane elasticity - has been developed to study red blood cell aggregation [226]. Finally, it has been demonstrated that the LB method for the solvent in combination with a triangulated mesh model with curvature and shear elasticity for the membrane can be used efficiently to simulate RBC suspensions in wider capillaries [189]. 

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