Black, George

Perhaps the first practical application of carbonaceous materials in batteries was demonstrated in 1868 by Georges Le-clanche in cells that bear his name [20]. Coarsely ground MnO, was mixed with an equal volume of retort carbon to form the positive electrode. Carbonaceous powdered materials such as acetylene black and graphite are commonly used to enhance the conductivity of electrodes in alkaline batteries. The particle morphology plays a significant role, particularly when carbon blacks are used in batteries as an electrode additive to enhance the electronic conductivity. One of the most common carbon blacks which is used as an additive to enhance the electronic conductivity of electrodes that contain metal oxides is acetylene black. A detailed discussion on the desirable properties of acetylene black in Leclanche cells is provided by Bregazzi [21], A suitable carbon for this application should have characteristics that include (i) low resistivity in the presence of the electrolyte and active electrode material, (ii) absorption and retention of a significant... 

Why Negroes Should Oppose the War [1939], in C. L. R. James et al., Fighting Racism in World War II (New York Pathfinder, 1980), pp. 29, 31 Robert Mullen, Blacks in America s Wars The Shift in Attitude from the Revolutionary War to Vietnam (New York Pathfinder, 1973), pp. 51-60 George Roeder, Jr., The Uncensored War American Visual Experience during World War Two (New Haven Yale, 1993), pp. 43-79, 121-123. 

N. D. Black, The Admiralty War Staff and its influence on the conduct of the naval war between 1914 and 1918 , Ph.D. (University of London, 2005), pp. 171-8. Lloyd George s version is in his War Memoirs vol. Ill, pp. 1143-7, 1151-69. Halpem, Naval History pp. 351-66, is a balanced account, apart from repeating the story about misleading statistics. 

American chemist Gertrude B. Elion (right) with her colleague George H. Hitchings, recipients, with Sir James W. Black, of the 1988 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine, for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment. ... 

Leclanche cells are the least expensive primary batteries. The first zinc-manganese dioxide cell was developed by Georges Leclanche in 1866. He developed the primary battery with an ammonium chloride and zinc chloride electrolyte, and with a natural Mn02 and carbon (usually acetylene black) cathode inserted into a zinc can. His name is still associated with this chemistry today. The battery reactions are given in Equation 10.1. 

Sasikumar, B., Haridas, P., George, K.J., Saji, K.V.,Zachariah,T.J., Ravindran, P.N., Babu, K.N., Krishnamoorthy, B., Mathew, P.A. and Parthasarathy, V.A. (2004) IISR Thevam, IISR Malabar Excel and IISR Girimunda three new black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) clones, journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops 13(1), 1-5. 

---